Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which model filters information after it is noticed at the sensory level?
Which model filters information after it is noticed at the sensory level?
What is the most important factor influencing selective attention?
What is the most important factor influencing selective attention?
What happens during attentional blink?
What happens during attentional blink?
In the context of attention, what are bottleneck theories used to explain?
In the context of attention, what are bottleneck theories used to explain?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the selective filter model, which of the following can burst through the filter?
According to the selective filter model, which of the following can burst through the filter?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Treisman's Attenuation Model propose about the handling of unattended stimuli?
What does Treisman's Attenuation Model propose about the handling of unattended stimuli?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the main difference between Treisman's and Deutsch and Deutsch's late-filter models?
Which of the following describes the main difference between Treisman's and Deutsch and Deutsch's late-filter models?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do pre-attentive processes play according to Ulric Neisser's synthesis of attention models?
What role do pre-attentive processes play according to Ulric Neisser's synthesis of attention models?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of both early-filter and late-filter models regarding attention?
What is a common characteristic of both early-filter and late-filter models regarding attention?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the concept of attentional blink relate to information processing models?
How does the concept of attentional blink relate to information processing models?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Selective Attention
- Moray's Study: Even when ignoring most aspects of an unattended message, participants frequently recognize their names in the unattended ear
- Treisman's Attenuation Model: A filtering mechanism weakens (attenuates) the strength of stimuli other than the target
- Late-Filter Model (Deutsch and Deutsch): Stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for physical & meaning properties
- Early & Late Filter Models: Both propose an attentional bottleneck which only allows one source of information through at a time
Neisser's Synthesis & Shadowing
-
Ulric Neisser (1967): Proposed two processes governing attention: pre-attentive and attentive/controlled
- Pre-attentive Processes: Automatic, rapid, parallel processing of sensory characteristics, but do not discern meaning or relationships
- Attentive/Controlled Processes: Occur later, are executed serially and consume time & attentional resources (e.g., working memory)
-
Shadowing Task: Listen to two simultaneous messages (dichotic presentation), repeat only one message as quickly as possible
- Results: Subjects successfully shadowed messages, but required significant concentration
-
Unattended Message Changes: Subjects noticed physical, sensory changes in the unattended message but not semantic changes
- ⅓ of Participants: Will switch attention if they hear their names, likely due to limited working memory capacity and being easily distracted
Factors Influencing Attention
- Distinctive sensory characteristics (e.g., pitch, pacing, rhythm) of a target's speech are the most important factor
- Sound intensity (loudness) and location of the sound source also play roles
Filter & Bottleneck Theories
- Core Concept: Explain how we can't attend to all sensory inputs simultaneously at the conscious level
- Filter: Blocks some information, selecting a portion to pass through
- Bottleneck: Slows down information passing through
Broadbent's Model
- Information is filtered immediately after being noticed at a sensory level
- Sensory input channels reach an attentional filter, allowing only one to proceed to perception
Moray's Selective Filter Model
- Blocks out most sensory-level information but allows personally important messages to "break through"
Experimental Psychologist Findings
- We seem to perceive only what receives our focused cognitive effort (attention)
Selective Listening
-
Dichotic Listening Task: Different audio streams are presented to each ear, repeating one message as quickly as possible
- Results: Participants typically do not notice changes in the unattended message
- Personal Name: Noticed about one-third of the time
Inattentional Blindness
- Failure to notice unexpected objects or events when attention is focused elsewhere
- We seem to only process one stream of information at a time
- Affects both auditory and visual perception
Neisser's Study
- Participants viewed two overlapping videos and were asked to monitor one event
- Results: Participants were unaware of events outside their focus of attention
Chabris & Simons Gorilla Experiment
- Participants watched a video of two basketball teams and were tasked with counting passes by one team
- A gorilla walked into the scene, thumped its chest, and walked off
- Results: Half of the participants failed to notice the gorilla
Factors Contributing to Inattentional Blindness
- Number of features an object shares with attended items in a display influences whether it will be noticed
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of selective attention theories such as Moray's Study, Treisman's Attenuation Model, and Neisser's synthesis. This quiz covers early and late filter models, and the processes governing attention including pre-attentive and attentive methods. Challenge yourself with questions that delve into the complexities of attention!
