Selective Attention Insights
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Questions and Answers

What effect does attention to one ear have on the processing of inputs to the other ear?

  • Results in better encoding of one ear's inputs (correct)
  • Improves processing for both ears equally
  • Enhances auditory processing from the unattended ear
  • Leads to complete loss of inputs from both ears

Which statement describes the dorsal attention network?

  • It includes regions associated with emotional processing.
  • It primarily focuses on stimulus novelty.
  • It is less active in response to unexpected stimuli.
  • It reflects sources of attentional signals in goal-directed control. (correct)

What role does the frontal cortex play in visual attention?

  • It decreases visually evoked responses in the visual cortex. (correct)
  • It only leads to better performance in auditory tasks.
  • It has no effect on visual processing.
  • It enhances visual attention in all contexts.

What is the main function of the superior colliculus?

<p>To prepare for making overt eye movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does weak frontal eye field (FEF) stimulation have on attention tasks?

<p>It enhances attention performance only at specific locations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reflexive or exogenous cueing affect response times?

<p>It enhances responses to relevant stimuli after a short delay. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to attention when more than 300 ms pass between an exogenous cue and the target?

<p>Participants respond more slowly to stimuli near the cue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attention type is primarily concerned with stimulus novelty and salience?

<p>Ventral attention network (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected by the pulvinar regarding attention?

<p>Coordinating activity of regions in the ventral visual pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when GABA antagonists are used in monkeys during attention tasks?

<p>They enhance covert attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of selective attention?

<p>It allocates attention to relevant inputs while ignoring irrelevant ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bottlenecks' refer to in attention processing?

<p>Limited pathways through which information can pass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model proposes that only the most important sensory inputs are processed?

<p>Broadbent’s model. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to feature integration theory, what is necessary for integrating features into a perceived object?

<p>Attention directed to relevant stimuli in a sequential manner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of selective attention compared to divided attention on cortical activation?

<p>It activates distinct, nonoverlapping regions of cortex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes unilateral spatial neglect?

<p>Damage to one hemisphere of the brain’s attention network. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Balint's syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Severe bilateral occipitoparietal lesions leading to simultaneous visual neglect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remaining information can individuals with unilateral neglect typically report from the unattended ear in a dichotic listening task?

<p>Only the gender of the speaker. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of conjunction search on visual processing?

<p>It affects the P1 wave similarly to cued spatial attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does early selection theory differ from late selection theory?

<p>Early selection discards non-relevant information before analysis; late selection processes all inputs first. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the population vector represent in motor planning?

<p>The sum of all the individual vectors from active neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from the loss of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body?

<p>Hemiplegia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory did HM retain after his medial temporal lobe resection?

<p>Semantic memory prior to surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the supplementary motor area?

<p>Integrating tasks that require the use of both hands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the traditional method define the directional tuning of neurons?

<p>Using simple linear summation to create a population vector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is impaired by damage to the hippocampus?

<p>Trace conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory is primarily associated with the hippocampus during retrieval tasks?

<p>Episodic memory recollection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of activity does the dynamic model of motor planning aim to predict?

<p>Trajectory of neural activity in abstract, multidimensional space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the relationship between the repetition suppression effect and the brain regions involved?

<p>Right inferior parietal cortex relates to movement while left frontal cortex relates to action goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia is described as the loss of memory for events occurring after a brain lesion or trauma?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amygdala in relation to memory?

<p>Fear learning and emotional memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of D1 and D2 receptors in the basal ganglia pathways?

<p>D1 receptors facilitate excitatory responses, D2 receptors facilitate inhibitory responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are regions of the hippocampus activated during memory tasks?

<p>Only for correctly recalled words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) assist individuals with motor disabilities?

<p>By translating neural signals to control prosthetic devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of long-term neuroprosthetic control?

<p>It results in the formation of a stable cortical map that is resistant to change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the hippocampus from the amygdala in terms of memory processing?

<p>Hippocampus is crucial for memory encoding, while amygdala is not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the population’s awareness of movement primarily stem from?

<p>The prior conscious intention and predictions about the forthcoming action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the research on basketball players indicate about motor cortex excitability?

<p>Expert players demonstrated an increase in motor cortex excitability when viewing a shot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amygdala in relation to memory?

<p>It is involved in emotional regulation and emotional memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of memory processes is primarily responsible for stabilizing a memory over time?

<p>Consolidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NMDA play in the brain's neural pathways?

<p>It acts as a facilitator for LTP induction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome occurs when both the hippocampus and amygdala are damaged, along with the surrounding cortex?

<p>Significant memory deficits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the biased competition model, what helps resolve competition among various stimuli?

<p>Attention favoring a specific stimulus over others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with the top-down search for specific content in episodic memory?

<p>Superior parietal lobule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does attention influence the excitability of sensory neurons?

<p>Attention alters the excitability of specific neurons through top-down projections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of short-term memory?

<p>It is responsible for the consolidation of memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the relational memory theory propose about the hippocampus?

<p>It supports memory for various kinds of relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the working memory maintenance hypothesis relate to the parietal cortex?

<p>It posits that the parietal cortex is associated with maintaining information in working memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has extensive damage in patients with semantic dementia?

<p>Anterior temporal lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the attention to memory model state about the superior and inferior parietal lobes?

<p>The dorsal region is crucial for top-down episodic memory searching. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does consolidation occur according to the provided content?

<p>By creating direct cortical connections through repeated reactivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

<p>Treating disorders by passing electrical currents through the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes nondeclarative memory?

<p>It is often expressed through actions and skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurs during the acquisition phase of encoding?

<p>Information is processed and available in the sensory buffer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Selective Attention

Focusing attention on specific inputs, thoughts, and actions while ignoring irrelevant ones.

ADHD and White Matter

ADHD is linked to differences in brain white matter within the attention network.

Bottlenecks in Attention

Points where only limited information can pass, often during perceptual analysis.

Early Selection

Stimuli are selected for processing or discarded before full perceptual analysis.

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Late Selection

All stimuli are processed similarly, and selection happens later in the information-processing stream.

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Feature Integration Theory

Spatial attention is needed to combine features into a perceived object; this happens sequentially.

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Conjunction Search

Searching for items based on combinations of features.

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Unilateral Spatial Neglect

Attention network damage in one brain hemisphere, often the right, leading to unawareness of the opposite side.

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Extinction (Neglect)

Inability to perceive contralesional stimuli when presented alongside stimuli in the intact field.

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Balint's Syndrome

A condition involving simultagnosia (seeing only one thing at a time), ocular apraxia (difficulty moving eyes), and optic ataxia (poorly coordinated movements).

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Voluntary Attention

A type of attention that is goal-directed and under conscious control.

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Spatial Attention

Focusing attention on a specific location in space.

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Dorsal Attention Network

Brain network involved in goal-directed spatial attention.

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Ventral Attention Network

Brain network for responding to unexpected and salient events.

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Endogenous Cueing

Voluntary allocation of attention to a cue.

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Exogenous Cueing

Automatic allocation of attention through stimulus features (unconscious).

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Posner Spatial Cuing Task

A task used to study attention, distinguishing between voluntary and automatic attention shifts.

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Frontal Cortex

Brain region that modulates activity in sensory areas like the visual cortex.

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Superior Colliculus

Midbrain structure involved in preparing for eye movements, and some attention aspects.

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Population Vector

The sum of all individual vectors representing neural activity.

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Motor Planning

The process of planning and preparing for movements.

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Population Vector (Traditional)

Directional tuning of neurons using a simple linear summation

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Population Vector (Dynamic)

Neural activity trajectory in multi-dimensional space, better prediction of movements.

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Supplementary Motor Area Damage

Impaired performance on tasks requiring integrated two-hand use.

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Brain-Machine Interface (BMI)

Using neural signals to control prosthetic devices.

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BMI Control of Robotic Arm

Using neural signals to control robotic arms, bypassing damaged spinal cord.

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Striatum

Primate brain structure (caudate & putamen) involved in movement control.

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Basal Ganglia

Group of brain nuclei playing a role in movement, action selection, and motor learning.

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Dopamine Receptors (Motor Control)

D1 (excitatory) and D2 (inhibitory) receptors, influencing pathway activity in basal ganglia.

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Relational Memory

Memory for the relationships between elements of an experience.

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Hippocampus Role

The hippocampus is important for relational memory, including all types of relationships.

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Working Memory Maintenance

Activation of the parietal cortex is linked to holding information in working memory.

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Semantic Dementia

A condition with damage to the anterior temporal lobes affecting semantic memory.

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Episodic Memory Search

Using the top-down approach for finding details in episodic memories like time and place.

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Memory Consolidation

Strengthening memories over time through repeated recalls becoming independent of the hippocampus.

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Multiple Trace Theory

Episodic memories degrade, turning into semantic memories over time.

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Memory Encoding (Acquisition)

The initial stage where stimuli enter the sensory buffer for processing. (first step in memory encoding)

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Short-term memory

A type of memory that holds information for a brief period, typically several seconds to minutes.

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Consolidation

The process of stabilizing a memory over time, creating long-term memories.

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Long-term memory

Memory storage for long periods of time, allowing us to retrieve information for later use.

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NMDA receptor

A type of glutamate receptor important for learning and memory, especially in the hippocampus.

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Amygdala's role in memory

The amygdala is involved in emotional memories, and not generally involved in everyday memory acquisition.

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Top-down processing

Information processing that starts with the brain's knowledge and expectations and works its way down to the sensory input.

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Bottom-up processing

Information processing that starts with sensory input and gradually builds to create a full perception.

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Biased competition model

Different stimuli in the visual field compete for neural resources, and attention helps prioritize one stimulus.

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Hemiplegia

Loss of voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body.

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HM's amnesia

HM suffered anterograde amnesia after surgery, losing ability to form new long-term memories. He retained some old memories.

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Hippocampus function

The hippocampus is critical for encoding and retrieving episodic memories, especially linking events with context.

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Hippocampus structure

A seahorse-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, crucial for memory. Bilateral damage causes severe amnesia.

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Anterograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events after a brain injury or trauma.

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Hippocampus in memory retrieval

The hippocampus is active during the retrieval of correct memories but not during retrieval of those not accurately recalled.

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Hippocampus lesion effect on memory in rats

Lesions in the rat hippocampus impaired memory of the context of an event, but not immediate memory.

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Study Notes

Selective Attention

  • Selective attention is not global, but rather the allocation of attention to relevant information while ignoring irrelevant inputs, thoughts, and actions.
  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is linked to disturbances in neural processing potentially resulting from differences in white matter within the attention network.
  • Individuals with ADHD exhibit reduced white matter.
  • Bottlenecks refer to stages where only a limited amount of information can pass.
  • Early selection suggests stimuli are selected or rejected for further processing before perceptual analysis.
  • Late selection posits that the perceptual system processes all inputs equally, with selection occurring later in information processing.
  • Treisman proposed that unattended information is either degraded or attenuated.
  • Conjunction search involves identifying objects defined by multiple features.
  • Feature integration theory of attention proposes that spatial attention must be directed to relevant stimuli to integrate individual features into a whole perceptual object. This should be done sequentially for each item involved in the array.
  • Visual conjunction searches affect P1 waves in the same way as cued spatial attention.

Agnosia

  • Unilateral spatial neglect occurs when the brain's attention network is damaged in one hemisphere, most commonly in the right hemisphere.
  • Severity is typically worse when the right hemisphere is affected.
  • The inability to see contralesional stimuli is known as extinction when multiple stimuli are presented.
  • A result of unilateral lesions in parietal, posterior temporal, and frontal cortex or damage in subcortical areas.

Neglect

  • Unilateral spatial neglect—damage to the attention network in one hemisphere, mostly right; severe neglect.
  • If two stimuli, one in each field are in view, the patient can't see the contralesional stimuli - this is known as extinction.
  • Results from unilateral lesions of parietal, posterior temporal, and frontal cortex, or from damage in subcortical areas.

Attention Types

  • Spatial Attention: Selective focus on object or location features.
  • Selective Attention: Focus on specific features/properties, excluding irrelevant ones.
  • V1 to V4: Increased activity within regions of the brain when cues indicate location of an object.
  • Parietal precuneus: Active when presented with images of scenery.

Attentional Networks

  • Dorsal Frontoparietal Network: Responsible for goal-directed attention, including spatial location, features, properties.
  • Ventral Attention Network: Focused on stimulus novelty and salience. This network takes over when required.
  • Ventral Right Hemisphere Regions: Reorients attention towards unexpected stimuli; lateralized to the right hemisphere.

Posner Spatial Cuing Task

  • Endogenous Cues: Voluntary attention orienting to the cue, in response to external stimuli.
  • Exogenous Cues: Automatic orienting to stimuli by low-level features.
  • Reflexive or Exogenous Cueing: Non-voluntary attention orienting to stimuli with low features.
  • Inhibition of Return (IOR): Slower responses occur when targets appear in the vicinity of an irrelevant cue, occurring after more than 300 milliseconds.
  • Exogenous cues produce faster responses when the target is near the cue.
  • Visual search task requiring integration of multiple features.
  • Feature-integration theory; spatial attention needed for proper integration.

Neurotransmitters and Neural Structures

  • Superior colliculus; brain areas involved in processing sensory information and generating responses; plays a role in reflexive attention and eye movement preparation.
  • Pulvinar: Plays a role in covert attentional control, coordinating activity of visual regions.
  • Cortical Regions, such as FEF (frontal eye field)
  • V5 (visual motion area) and FFA (fusiform face area).
  • TMS responses.

Other

  • Apraxia: A neurological disorder affecting the ability to perform coordinated movements, often resulting from left-sided brain damage.
  • Pyramidal Motor Tracts: Primary pathways for direct control over spinal activity; involved in modulating posture, muscle tone, and movement speed. Receiving input from subcortical/cortical structures.
  • Extrapyramidal Motor Tracts: Play a role in indirect control of spinal activity; modulate muscles tone and movement speed.

Brain Machine Interfaces

  • BMI: Use decoding algorithms for control of prosthetic devices with neural signals.

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Selective Attention PDF

Description

Explore the crucial aspects of selective attention, including its role in information processing and the implications for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This quiz delves into theories such as early and late selection, bottlenecks, and Treisman's model of attention. Test your knowledge of these concepts and their impact on cognitive functions.

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