38 Questions
What type of seizure is characterized by a brief, shocklike contraction of muscles that may be generalized or restricted to one extremity?
Myoclonic seizure
What is the main goal of treating seizures with anti-epileptic drugs?
To reduce the frequency and severity of seizures
What is the typical duration of a Tonic-Clonic seizure?
1-2 minutes
What is the term for a seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes or multiple prolonged seizures without full recovery between episodes?
Status Epilepticus
What type of seizure is characterized by a loss of consciousness and a bilaterally synchronous, 3/second spike-and-wave EEG pattern?
Absence seizure
What is the main difference between a Focal seizure and a Generalized seizure?
Location of the seizure
What is the treatment for Status Epilepticus?
All of the above
What is the potential consequence of prolonged seizures?
Permanent neuronal changes and brain damage
What is the primary goal of prophylaxis in epilepsy treatment?
To control seizures in 60-80% of patients
Which ion is involved in enhanced excitatory activity in epilepsy?
Na+
What is the result of Na+ channel inactivation gate being CLOSED?
Action potential is inhibited
How do anti-epileptic drugs affect GABA transmission?
Inactivate GABAA and decrease GABA reuptake
What is the mechanism of action of anti-epileptic drugs that block Na+ channels?
Promoting the inactive state of Na+ channels
What is the result of the balance between Na+ influx and K+ efflux being disrupted in epilepsy?
Membrane potential increases
Which type of neurotransmitter is involved in reduced inhibitory activity in epilepsy?
GABA
What is the effect of anti-epileptic drugs on Ca2+ channels with a2d subunit?
Inhibition of Ca2+ channels
What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?
Blockade of Na+ channels
What type of seizures is phenytoin NOT effective against?
Absence seizures
What is a common side effect of carbamazepine?
Dry mouth
What is the mechanism of action of lamotrigine?
Blockade of Na+ channels
What is a potential skin reaction associated with lamotrigine?
Potentially fatal skin reactions
What psychiatric disorder is carbamazepine also used to treat?
Bipolar disorder
What is a common side effect of phenytoin?
All of the above
What is the brand name of carbamazepine?
Tegretol
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs enhances the length of opening of GABAA receptors?
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
What is the major side effect of Phenobarbital (Luminal)?
Sedation
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is used to treat absence and myoclonic seizures?
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is metabolized to Phenobarbital?
Primidone (Mysoline)
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs produces physical dependence?
All of the above
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs has a mechanism of action that is not clear?
Valproic Acid (Valparin)
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is used in emergency treatment of Status Epilepticus?
Midazolam (Versed)
Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is used to treat complex and simple seizures?
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
What is the primary mechanism by which vigabatrin increases GABA concentrations in the brain?
By binding to and inactivating GABA-T
What is the most common side effect of vigabatrin, affecting approximately 30-60% of people?
Permanent vision damage
How does tiagabine increase GABA concentrations in the brain?
By binding to GABA recognition sites on the GAT-1 GABA reuptake transporter
What is the primary mechanism by which vigabatrin and tiagabine increase GABA concentrations in the brain?
Irreversible inhibition of GABA-T and inhibition of GABA reuptake carriers
What is the common side effect of vigabatrin and the anti-epileptic drug mentioned in the text?
Hepatic toxicity and fatal pancreatitis
What is the primary mechanism by which the anti-epileptic drug mentioned in the text increases GABA concentrations?
By enhancing the opening of GABAA receptor Cl- channels
This quiz covers the different types of seizures, including petit mal, absence, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. Learn about the characteristics of each type and how they affect consciousness. Test your knowledge of seizure classification and EEG patterns.
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