Seizure Types and Classification
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What type of seizure is characterized by a brief, shocklike contraction of muscles that may be generalized or restricted to one extremity?

  • Generalized Tonic-Clonic seizure
  • Myoclonic seizure (correct)
  • Focal with Impaired Awareness seizure
  • Absence seizure

    • What is the main goal of treating seizures with anti-epileptic drugs?

  • To completely eliminate seizures
  • To cure epilepsy
  • To reduce the frequency and severity of seizures (correct)
  • To treat the underlying cause of seizures

    • What is the typical duration of a Tonic-Clonic seizure?

  • 1-2 minutes (correct)
  • Less than 30 seconds
  • 5-10 minutes
  • More than 30 minutes

    • What is the term for a seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes or multiple prolonged seizures without full recovery between episodes?

    <p>Status Epilepticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seizure is characterized by a loss of consciousness and a bilaterally synchronous, 3/second spike-and-wave EEG pattern?

    <p>Absence seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a Focal seizure and a Generalized seizure?

    <p>Location of the seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Status Epilepticus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of prolonged seizures?

    <p>Permanent neuronal changes and brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of prophylaxis in epilepsy treatment?

    <p>To control seizures in 60-80% of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is involved in enhanced excitatory activity in epilepsy?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Na+ channel inactivation gate being CLOSED?

    <p>Action potential is inhibited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do anti-epileptic drugs affect GABA transmission?

    <p>Inactivate GABAA and decrease GABA reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of anti-epileptic drugs that block Na+ channels?

    <p>Promoting the inactive state of Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the balance between Na+ influx and K+ efflux being disrupted in epilepsy?

    <p>Membrane potential increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurotransmitter is involved in reduced inhibitory activity in epilepsy?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anti-epileptic drugs on Ca2+ channels with a2d subunit?

    <p>Inhibition of Ca2+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?

    <p>Blockade of Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seizures is phenytoin NOT effective against?

    <p>Absence seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of carbamazepine?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of lamotrigine?

    <p>Blockade of Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential skin reaction associated with lamotrigine?

    <p>Potentially fatal skin reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychiatric disorder is carbamazepine also used to treat?

    <p>Bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of phenytoin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of carbamazepine?

    <p>Tegretol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs enhances the length of opening of GABAA receptors?

    <p>Phenobarbital (Luminal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major side effect of Phenobarbital (Luminal)?

    <p>Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is used to treat absence and myoclonic seizures?

    <p>Clonazepam (Klonopin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is metabolized to Phenobarbital?

    <p>Primidone (Mysoline)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs produces physical dependence?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs has a mechanism of action that is not clear?

    <p>Valproic Acid (Valparin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is used in emergency treatment of Status Epilepticus?

    <p>Midazolam (Versed)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticonvulsant drugs is used to treat complex and simple seizures?

    <p>Phenobarbital (Luminal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which vigabatrin increases GABA concentrations in the brain?

    <p>By binding to and inactivating GABA-T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect of vigabatrin, affecting approximately 30-60% of people?

    <p>Permanent vision damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tiagabine increase GABA concentrations in the brain?

    <p>By binding to GABA recognition sites on the GAT-1 GABA reuptake transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which vigabatrin and tiagabine increase GABA concentrations in the brain?

    <p>Irreversible inhibition of GABA-T and inhibition of GABA reuptake carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect of vigabatrin and the anti-epileptic drug mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hepatic toxicity and fatal pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the anti-epileptic drug mentioned in the text increases GABA concentrations?

    <p>By enhancing the opening of GABAA receptor Cl- channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

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