Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the typical IQ range for individuals with mild mental retardation?
What is the typical IQ range for individuals with mild mental retardation?
Which of the following is a common cause of mental retardation during the prenatal period?
Which of the following is a common cause of mental retardation during the prenatal period?
Which of the following tests is commonly used to assess intelligence quotient (IQ) in infants?
Which of the following tests is commonly used to assess intelligence quotient (IQ) in infants?
Which of the following is a common postnatal cause of mental retardation?
Which of the following is a common postnatal cause of mental retardation?
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What is the typical IQ range for individuals with profound mental retardation?
What is the typical IQ range for individuals with profound mental retardation?
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Which of the following is a common metabolic disease that can cause mental retardation during the prenatal period?
Which of the following is a common metabolic disease that can cause mental retardation during the prenatal period?
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What is the defining characteristic of absence seizures?
What is the defining characteristic of absence seizures?
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Which type of seizure involves the entire body?
Which type of seizure involves the entire body?
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What is typically observed after a prolonged convulsion?
What is typically observed after a prolonged convulsion?
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Which investigation is described as very helpful in the diagnosis of seizures?
Which investigation is described as very helpful in the diagnosis of seizures?
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What is the defining characteristic of a simple febrile seizure?
What is the defining characteristic of a simple febrile seizure?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a complex febrile seizure?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a complex febrile seizure?
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What is the most common type of convulsion?
What is the most common type of convulsion?
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute convulsions?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute convulsions?
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Which of the following electrolyte disturbances can lead to convulsions?
Which of the following electrolyte disturbances can lead to convulsions?
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What is the definition of convulsions according to the text?
What is the definition of convulsions according to the text?
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What is the difference between primary (idiopathic) and secondary (organic) epilepsy?
What is the difference between primary (idiopathic) and secondary (organic) epilepsy?
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic recurrent convulsions?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic recurrent convulsions?
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Study Notes
Mental Retardation
- Limitation in performance that results from sub-average intelligence and adaptive behavior
- Classified according to the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = Mental age X 100 / Chronological age
- Normal IQ: 90-110
- Tests for IQ assessment:
- Bayley Scales of infant development
- Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale
- Welchsler Scale
Degree of Mental Retardation
- Mild MR (85% of cases): IQ 50-55 to 70 (Educable)
- Moderate MR: IQ 35-40 to 50-55 (Trainable)
- Severe MR: IQ 20-25 to 35-40 (Non-trainable)
- Profound MR: IQ below 20-25
Etiology of Mental Retardation
- Prenatal causes:
- Genetic (Chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome, Edward syndrome, fragile X syndrome)
- Metabolic diseases (e.g. phenylketonuria, galactosaemia, mucopolysaccharidosis)
- Congenital brain anomalies (e.g. genetic Microcephaly and hydrocephalus)
- Neurodegenerative & Neurocutaneous disorders (Intrauterine)
- Congenital infections (TORCH)
- Drugs and toxins (e.g. alcohol, phenytoin, cigarettes)
- Radiation
- Placental insufficiency
- Perinatal causes:
- Ante partum hemorrhage and toxemia
- Asphyxia, trauma, and intracranial hemorrhage during delivery
- Postnatal causes:
- Trauma (e.g. intracranial hemorrhage)
- Infections (e.g. encephalitis, meningitis)
- Anoxia
- Metabolic disorders (e.g. hypoglycemia, Kernicterus)
- Endocrinal disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism)
- Poisoning (e.g. absence seizures)
Seizure Syndromes (Convulsions)
- Definition: Paroxysmal involuntary disturbance of brain function that may be manifested as:
- Involuntary contraction of muscles
- Disturbed conscious level
- Sensory or autonomic abnormality
- Behavioral abnormalities
- Types of convulsions:
- Tonic: rigid posturing of trunk and extremities
- Clonic: rhythmic twitching of muscles of face and extremities
- Tonic-Clonic: is the most common type
- Myoclonic: brief jerking (sudden flexion movement) of the body and extremities
Etiology of Seizure Syndromes
- Acute convulsions:
- Febrile convulsions
- CNS causes (e.g. infections, encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, brain anoxia)
- Metabolic and electrolyte disturbance (e.g. hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypo-or hypernatremia, hypomagnesaemia, alkalosis, pyridoxine deficiency)
- With other diseases (e.g. gastroenteritis, glomerulonephritis)
- Drugs/toxins (e.g. theophylline, isoniazid, snake or scorpion bites, acute lead poisoning)
- First fit of epilepsy
- Chronic recurrent convulsions:
- Primary (idiopathic) epilepsy
- Secondary (organic) epilepsy (e.g. congenital brain malformations, brain injury, hereditary metabolic and degenerative diseases)
Treatment of Seizure Syndromes
- Treatment of the cause
- Anticonvulsant drugs
- Supportive treatment for untreatable causes:
- Educational and training programs
- Treatment of associated problems as epilepsy
- Emotional support for family
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Description
Learn about convulsions, which are a common pediatric emergency characterized by involuntary disturbances of brain function. Explore topics such as causes, symptoms, and supportive treatment options for untreatable causes, educational programs, treatment of associated problems like epilepsy, and emotional support for families.
