SEHH2258 Nursing Theories and Models Lecture 3

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Questions and Answers

What is the central theme of Virginia Henderson's nursing theory?

Nursing should focus solely on physical health and recovery.

Nursing is a collaborative practice with an emphasis on healthcare.

The patient is an individual who requires help to reach independence. (correct)

The nurse's role is solely to administer medication.

In Virginia Henderson's view, nursing is distinct from which of the following disciplines?

Psychology

Nutrition

Medicine (correct)

Physical Therapy

According to Virginia Henderson, what is emphasized in nursing roles?

Providing primary health assessments alone.

Managing patients' emotional crises exclusively.

Assisting patients in gaining independence for fundamental needs. (correct)

Administration of treatments and medications.

What year did Virginia Henderson propose her nursing theory?

1955 Signup and view all the answers

What does Virginia Henderson's theory suggest about the relationship between nursing and other health disciplines?

Nursing is interdependent but independent in practice. Signup and view all the answers

What does the internal environment encompass according to the metaparadigm for nursing?

Biological, psychological, spiritual, and intellectual components Signup and view all the answers

How is health defined in the context of nursing?

A continuous fluctuation along the health-illness continuum Signup and view all the answers

Why is the creation and preservation of a healthy environment considered crucial?

To maintain and promote health and well-being Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of individuals in the nursing metaparadigm?

They possess intrinsic worth and the right to participate in decision-making Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing a person's health?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the central theme of Martha Rogers' nursing theory?

Humans as dynamic energy fields in exchange with the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the goal of nursing interventions according to Martha Rogers?

To enhance interaction between human and environmental energy fields Signup and view all the answers

How does Martha Rogers view the person in her nursing theory?

As an irreducible whole greater than the sum of its parts Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of nursing intervention mentioned in Martha Rogers' theory?

Noncontact therapeutic touch Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best aligns with the application of Martha Rogers' nursing theory in clinical practice?

It coordinates the human field with the environmental field Signup and view all the answers

According to Martha Rogers, what is crucial for maintaining patterns of living?

Harmony with the environmental field Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Martha Rogers NOT emphasize in her nursing theory?

Direct interaction with technology Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental belief of Martha Rogers regarding human beings?

They exist in a continuous exchange with their environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nursing interventions according to the Neuman systems model?

To assist the client in retaining or maintaining system stability Signup and view all the answers

What does the normal line of defense represent in the Neuman systems model?

The client's state of equilibrium or adaptation Signup and view all the answers

In the Neuman systems model, what is the role of internal factors referred to as lines of resistance?

To help the client defend against stressors Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the flexible line of defense in the Neuman systems model?

It is a dynamic and protective buffer against stressors. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Neuman systems model, how should clients be viewed?

As open systems surrounded by lines of resistance and defense Signup and view all the answers

What is the central theme of Dorothea Orem's nursing theory?

Self-care as a human need Signup and view all the answers

According to Orem, who typically requires assistance with self-care activities?

Infants and people with disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What types of nursing interventions does Orem's theory propose to address self-care deficits?

Wholly compensatory, partly compensatory, or supportive-educative Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing interventions according to Orem's theory?

To assist clients in achieving self-care Signup and view all the answers

Which group is often considered fully capable of self-care in Orem's framework?

Most adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the central theme of Jean Watson's nursing theory?

The practice of caring is central to nursing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the application of Watson's theory in clinical practice?

Promotion of humanism, health, and quality of living Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Watson propose is practiced through interpersonal relationships?

Caritas processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critique mentioned regarding nursing theories?

Many theories remain untested Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the evolving science present to nursing theories?

Existing fundamental theories may no longer be applicable Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the statement 'interprofessional overlap' in nursing theory critique?

Concepts from other disciplines can inform nursing practice Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Watson's identified processes in her nursing theory?

Clinical caritas processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of holistic care in Watson's nursing practice model?

Incorporating biological, psychological, and social aspects Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

SEHH2258 Fundamental Concepts of Health and Nursing - Lecture 3: Nursing Theories and Models

Learning Outcomes:
- Differentiate theory, concept, conceptual framework, paradigm, and metaparadigm for nursing.
- Describe major purposes of applying nursing theories in nursing practice.
- Identify roles of nursing theory in education, research, and clinical practice.
- Discuss common nursing theories within the metaparadigm for nursing.

Common Terms

Concepts: Building blocks of theories, sets of thoughts/behaviors.
Conceptual Framework: A group of related ideas, statements, or concepts; often used interchangeably with "conceptual model" and "grand theories".

Common Terms (Continued)

Theory: A system of ideas explaining a phenomenon. Built upon or modifies previous theories; varies by discipline.
Paradigm: A pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Includes notions of reality that are largely unconscious. Awareness of paradigms is needed when realities or world views clash, as seen in conflicts between religious doctrines and scientific discoveries.

Metaparadigm for Nursing

Concept that can be superimposed on almost any nursing work.
Most nursing theories are built on the metaparadigm, although with a variety of ideas within that paradigm.
Four major metaparadigms in nursing:
- Person
- Environment
- Health
- Nursing

Metaparadigm for Nursing (Person)

Individuals/clients who are recipients of nursing care (e.g., individuals, families, groups, communities)
Unique and holistic beings with the potential to learn and develop through interacting with the environment.
Have intrinsic worth and right to participate in decision-making.
Must always be treated with respect.

Metaparadigm for Nursing (Environment)

Internal environment includes biological, psychological, spiritual, and intellectual components.
External environment includes social, cultural, and situational influences.
Internal and external environments interact continuously, affecting functioning and creating positive or negative stressors.
Creation, preservation, and conservation of a healthy environment are crucial for maintaining and promoting health.

Metaparadigm for Nursing (Health)

A state of well-being experienced by clients at specific points in time along the health-illness continuum.
Affected by biological, psychological, socioeconomic, developmental, political, cultural, and religious factors.
Level of well-being depends on equilibrium within the person and between the person's interaction with the changing environment.

Metaparadigm for Nursing (Nursing)

Holistic, client-focused, and evidence-based care at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of healthcare.
Promotes and maintains health for individuals, families, groups, institutions, home settings, and communities through problem-solving and collaboration with clients and other healthcare professionals.
Relies on research-based professional knowledge and skills through the nursing process.
Effective communication, interpersonal skills, and ethical principles are crucial.
Quality is maintained through professional competency enhancement and continuous nursing education.

Nursing Theory

Before 1900s, limited/no theories for nursing practice.
As a profession, nurses need to develop concepts and theories specific to nursing.
Nursing theory is an organized and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing.

Role of Nursing Theory (Education)

Nursing theory can organize concepts into frameworks.
It forms the basis for curriculum development.
Nursing theory elucidates central meanings of the profession and improves its stature.

Role of Nursing Theory (Research)

Nursing theory helps identify philosophical assumptions and conceptual frameworks for research.
It helps in generating new ideas, research questions, and interpretation, directly contributing to the improvement of clinical practice.

Role of Nursing Theory (Clinical Practice)

Nursing theory identifies practice goals to improve quality of care.
It supports clinical reflection, questioning, and thinking about nursing practices (critical thinking).
It provides a knowledge base for appropriate acting and responding in nursing care situations (problem-solving).
It facilitates the application of evidence-based practice.

Common Nursing Theories

Florence Nightingale: Meeting the patient's needs within the environment (factors like ventilation, cleanliness, diet, light, etc.).
Virginia Henderson: Patient requires help to reach independence (physical and psychological). 14 fundamental needs.
Martha Rogers: Humans are a four-dimensional energy field interacting with the environment.
Dorothea Orem: Self-care is a human need. Assisting clients with self-care deficits.
Callista Roy: Humans are biopsychosocial beings existing in an environment and adapting to it.
Betty Neuman: Humans always exist in relationships with stressors in the environment. Reconstitution is the state of adaptation to stressors.
Jean Watson: Practice of caring is central to nursing.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in health and nursing, focusing on nursing theories and models. It discusses the differentiation between theories, concepts, and frameworks. The application of nursing theories in practice, education, and research is also explored.