Seedless Plants Biology

Seedless Plants

• The cuticle is a waxy covering that aids in water retention.
• Stomata are openings in leaves regulating water and CO2 exchange

Spores and Gametes

• Spores are haploid cells undergoing mitosis, produce gametophytes.
• Gametophytes are multicellular haploid individuals.
• Gametes, which are sex cells, need to unite together to form a zygote.

Vascular System

• Xylem transports water from roots to leaves
• Phloem transports nutrients from leaves throughout the plant

Plant Biology

• Plants are autotrophic, multicellular organisms with unique adaptations:
  • Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Specialized reproductive cycles
• Plants undergo alternation of generations, therefore, alternating between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stages.
• Non-vascular plants, like mosses, need water for reproduction.
• Vascular plants like ferns have more complex structures for nutrient and water transport.
• Photosynthesis in plants allows CO2 and water to transform into carbohydrates and release oxygen (O2).
• Plants serve as a primary food source for heterotrophs and form the bottom of the food chain.
• Plants also function as decomposers
• A rigid cell wall of the plant helps to make it strong in structure
• A cellulose-rich cell wall does not burst if overwatered.
• If a plant does not have enough water, then it will wilt and look sad, but will recover when watered.

Needs For Survival

• Plants need nutrients, sunlight, and water to survive.
• Plants are non-mobile and cannot move to get what they need to survive.
• The cuticle and stomata are special plant adaptations on land that help with water retention.
• Thicker cuticles, usually indicate that plants are evergreen.
• Some plants are evergreens.

Stomata and Photosynthesis

• Stomata allow water and CO2 to enter and exit the plant, enabling photosynthesis.
• Stomata close to prevent the plant from drowning and to prevent other things from getting inside.
• Stomata closes mainly at night
• Water and CO2 must come in, enabling photosynthesis.

Adaptations

• Plants adapt embryo protection with special tissues.
• Stomata open and close like eyes depending on the environment.
• The cuticle is like a waxy covering that helps the plant retain water.
• Not all cuticles are not the same size. There are a variety of different cuticle sizes.

Alternation of Generations

• Alternation of generations is a life cycle with mitosis and meiosis.
• Mitosis is for cell division allowing for growth and repair.
• Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.
• Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes.
• There are two life cycles which include a sporophyte stage and gametophyte stage.
• A sporophyte is a diploid generation, 2n
• A gametophyte is half of a generation, 1n, and is produced by meiosis.
• A gametophyte is haploid
• A sporophyte is diploid and produces by mitosis

Spores vs Gametes

• Myosis splits the ends to make two, one of those becomes a gametophyte.
• The sperm and egg fertilize an egg to create 2n
• A spore is a haploid cell that can undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular haploid individual called a gametophyte
• Gametes are sex cells that must unite with each other, and an egg to form a zygote.
• Vami has one in(s), and is considered haploid
• For a gametophyte to form, meiosis has to form and go from 2n to 1n
• Mitosis is for growth
• For fertilization to happen, gametes have to fertilize to make 1

Plant Development

• As things grow bigger, they become more of a sporophyte and less of a gametophyte
• Plants are autotrophic, multicellular, have cellulose-rich cell walls, are eukaryotic, non-mobile, have alternation of generations, and have special adaptations on land.
• Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and pholem
• Xylem and pholem allow different things to reach the plants
• Vascular tissue is the conducting tissue like veins, and used to bring water and materials through the plant body.
• Xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves.
• Phloem transports water from the leaves to anywhere nutrients are needed

Plant Type

• Briophytes need to be in a wet environment because they do not have veins
• Briophytes are the smallest plants in terms of heat
• Briophytes are also gametophyte dominant and need water for sexual reproduction.
• Water will transport the briophyte scores
• Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are all different types of briophytes
• Liverworts can be phallus or leafy, and are the oldest living land plant.
• Hornworts are smaller and not very common
• Mosses are the most diverse of all non-vascular plants and are composed of a capsule and a seater.
• Ceta and the capsule hold the spores
• Mitosis makes the gametophyte

Seeded vs Seedless

Most vascular plants contain

• Lycophytes
• Pterophytes
• seed plants and are split into club mosses.

Parts of a Flower

• Angiosperms: possess flowers, fruits, and undergo double fertilization.
• Sepals. green parts that enclose the flower; offer protection.
• brightly colored petals; used to attract pollinators.
• Male portions:
  • Stamens produce pollen
  • Pollens are also known as a male gametophyte
  • Anther and the lament make up the stamen. - The filament is just a little stalk. - The anther hold the pollen.
• Female portions:
  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
  • Those three make up the carpool
• The style holds up the stigma, and a stigma is sticky.

Pollinators

• There are different pollinators used and attracted by the colored petals of the flower.
• Moths are often attracted to white flowers
• Pollen attracts pollinators
• The carpels composed of the stigma, style, and ovary are considered the female parts of the stems are the anthers and the filaments.

Angiosperm Reproduction

• The endosperm contains the ovules.
• When flowers are fertilized then ovules become the seeds
• There are 2 types of angiosperms, monocots and dicots - the two have something that differentiates them (cotyledon)
• For the central reproduction of the angiosperms, the flowers are essential, attracting pollinators.
• Disadvantage for plants;
  • Cannot move on their own Plants rely on outside sources to move their pollen around

Double Fertilization

• Flowers are essential for sexual reproduction
• Unique to angiosperms.
• The stigma is sticky so the pollen get gets stuck to it.
• When the pollen gets onto the stigma, it elongates and has two different sperm cells
• Both sperm cells go to different parts of the ovary. One goes to the egg, and one goes to something called the polar nuclei.
• The first sperm goes to an egg to form a zygote
• The second sperm goes to the polar nuclei to create 3, which makes indus sperm
• After fertifilation petals, sepals, and stamens welt, then the ovary becomes the fruit, and finally the ovules become seeds