Seed Treatment and Land Preparation Quiz

Questions and Answers

How do growth regulators like Ethephon contribute to fruit development in plants?

Ethephon induces flowering, improves rooting, and enhances the setting of plants.

What is the impact of 2,4-D on fruit set and earliness?

2,4-D increases fruit set, promotes earliness, and supports parthenocarpy at doses of 2-5 mg/litre.

Describe the importance of using pre-emergence herbicides in tomato cultivation.

Pre-emergence herbicides like metribuzin are essential for effectively suppressing weeds after transplanting.

How does IAA contribute to fruit yield in tomato plants?

IAA, when applied as a foliage spray, helps increase fruit size and overall yield. Signup and view all the answers

What cultural practices can enhance weed control in tomato farming?

Hand hoeing twice and earthing up during the first and third fortnight after transplanting are effective for weed control. Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended planting spacings for determinate and indeterminate tomato varieties?

The recommended spacing for determinate varieties is 60×45 cm, while for indeterminate varieties it is 90×60 cm. Signup and view all the answers

Which substances can be used for seed treatment in tomato production?

Seed treatment can include fluorescent dyes, pesticides, fungicides, soil adjuvants, and growth-stimulating compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of FYM for nutrient management per hectare during field preparation?

The recommended amount of FYM is 35-40 tonnes per hectare. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of soil solarization in land preparation?

Soil solarization helps control soilborne pathogens and pests, improving soil health. Signup and view all the answers

At what stages of growth is water management particularly critical for tomato plants?

Water management is critical during the seedling stage, vegetative stage, veg-flowering transition phase, and flowering stage. Signup and view all the answers

What soil disinfectant is mentioned for controlling Phytophthora and Pythium?

Formalin (40% commercial grade) is mentioned for controlling these pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total mulch requirement based on the bed size and mulch coverage?

Total mulch required is calculated by dividing the total length of mulch by 43 m². Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mixture of substrates used in hitech nursery seedling production?

The typical mixture is 1 part FYM, 1 part cocopeat, and 1 part vermicompost. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of tomato varieties that are resistant to fruit cracking?

Sioux, Roma, Punjab chuhara, Pusa ruby, and Arka Saurabh are resistant varieties. Signup and view all the answers

How can calcium deficiency contribute to physiological disorders in tomatoes?

Calcium deficiency can lead to blossom end rot, indicated by brown water-soaked discoloration at the fruit's blossom end. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a method to manage soil conditions to prevent blossom end rot.

Foliar spraying of 0.5% calcium chloride during fruit development and proper water management can help prevent blossom end rot. Signup and view all the answers

What impacts can occur if irrigation is not managed properly after a long dry spell?

Improper irrigation after a dry spell can lead to fruit cracking in tomatoes. Signup and view all the answers

What preparation technique should be avoided during the summer season to ensure healthy tomato crops?

Pruning and staking of tomatoes should be avoided during the summer season. Signup and view all the answers

How does soil acidity relate to the management practices for tomato crops?

Excess soil acidity can cause physiological disorders like blossom end rot, necessitating lime application as a management practice. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the timing of seed sowing play in the successful cultivation of tomatoes?

The timing of seed sowing can affect growth and yield based on the climatic conditions of the region. Signup and view all the answers

What is a safe method for cleaning tomato seeds after extraction to ensure viability?

Washing the extracted seeds with water 8-10 times after using acid treatment is necessary for cleaning. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hybrids and Seed Treatment

Tomato hybrids typically weigh between 125 to 175 grams and can be either determinate or indeterminate.
Seed treatments include various chemicals and compounds for protection and growth stimulation, such as:
- Colors and tracers for identification.
- Protectants like pesticides, fungicides, and bactericides.
- Soil adjuvants like hydrophilic materials and hydro-absorbers.
- Germination stimulators, such as salicylic acid and gibberellic acid.
- Macronutrients and micronutrients along with PBM inoculants.

Land Preparation and Planting

Soil disinfectants are vital for controlling Phytophthora, Pythium, and root-knot nematodes (RKN).
Methyl Bromide is banned; alternatives like formalin (40% commercial grade at 200 ml in 10 liters of water per m²) can be used.
Soil incorporation involves adding:
- Farmyard manure (FYM) at 25 tons/ha.
- Neem cake at 100 kg/ha.
- Lime as required.
Mulch requirements include:
- Bed size: 1.5 m x 10 m.
- Mulch covers 43m² per kg.

Seedling Production Methods

Conventional method of tomato seedling production utilizes various growing mediums.
Hi-tech nursery seedling production employs:
- Protrays with 50/98 holes.
- A growing medium of FYM, cocopeat, and vermicompost in a 1:1:1 ratio, along with fungicides.
- Black polythene covers to enhance growth.

Planting and Spacing

Transplanting occurs 4-5 weeks after sowing, with hardening preparation.
Recommended spacing:
- 60 x 45 cm for determinate varieties.
- 90 x 60 cm for indeterminate/semi-determinate varieties.
Plants should be situated on the sides of ridges.

Nutrient and Water Management

Nutrient management requires significant FYM input and systematic NPK application, with varying rates based on conditions (open vs. protected).
Recommended soil test-based nutrient management to optimize growth.
Critical stages for irrigation:
- Seedling stage.
- Vegetative stage.
- Veg-flowering transition.
- Flowering stage.
- Fruit development stage.

Growth Regulators and Chemicals

Various chemicals enhance growth and yield:
- Ethephon (200-500 mg/l): Induces flowering.
- Cycocel (500-100 mg/l): Stimulates fruit set.
- 2,4-D (2-5 mg/l): Enhances fruit set and earliness.
- IAA and IBA (50-100 mg/l): Increase fruit size and yield.
- NAA and PCPA for better fruit set under stress conditions.
- Gibberellic acid for elongation and yield improvement.

Cultural Practices

Weed control involves two hand hoeings during the season and pre-emergence herbicides like metribuzin, fluchloraline, and pendimethalin for effective suppression.

Yield Influencers

Key yield influencers:
- Cultivar/hybrid.
- Crop management practices.
- Cultivation type (open/protected).
- Soil and climatic conditions.

Seed Extraction Methods

Seed extraction can occur via:
- Acid treatment with HCl followed by washing.
- Fermentation and subsequent cleaning.
- Alkali method using boiling water with washing soda.

Physiological Disorders

Blossom End Rot:
- Symptoms include brown discoloration at fruit's blossom end, often due to calcium deficiency and moisture imbalance.
- Control involves calcium sprays and proper nutrient management.
Fruit Cracking:
- Radial and concentric cracking occurs due to irrigation inconsistencies and environmental stresses.
- Control measures include regular irrigation, careful pruning, and selecting disease-resistant varieties.

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Description

Test your knowledge on hybrid seed treatments and the requisites for land preparation and planting. This quiz covers essential topics such as soil disinfectants and compounds that aid in germination and growth. Whether you're studying botany or agronomy, this quiz is designed to enhance your understanding of these crucial agricultural practices.