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Questions and Answers
What is a seed in botanical terms?
What is a seed in botanical terms?
What does a seed contain?
What does a seed contain?
Which statement correctly describes a fertilized ovule?
Which statement correctly describes a fertilized ovule?
What distinguishes a mature seed from an immature one?
What distinguishes a mature seed from an immature one?
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What role does the integument play in a seed?
What role does the integument play in a seed?
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Chick pea is classified as which type of seed?
Chick pea is classified as which type of seed?
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What type of cotyledon does chick pea possess?
What type of cotyledon does chick pea possess?
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Which structure marks the point where the seed was attached to the parent plant?
Which structure marks the point where the seed was attached to the parent plant?
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The micropyle is best described as what?
The micropyle is best described as what?
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Which of the following structures serves as a vascular supply to the developing seed?
Which of the following structures serves as a vascular supply to the developing seed?
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What surrounds the embedded inclusions in leguminous seeds?
What surrounds the embedded inclusions in leguminous seeds?
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What type of mass do the inclusions in leguminous seeds exist within?
What type of mass do the inclusions in leguminous seeds exist within?
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Which component is primarily responsible for the structure of leguminous seeds?
Which component is primarily responsible for the structure of leguminous seeds?
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What is the characteristic feature of the ground mass in leguminous seeds?
What is the characteristic feature of the ground mass in leguminous seeds?
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In the context of leguminous seeds, what does the amorphous ground mass primarily contain?
In the context of leguminous seeds, what does the amorphous ground mass primarily contain?
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What develops into the zygote during fertilization?
What develops into the zygote during fertilization?
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What is the role of the synergides during the fertilization process?
What is the role of the synergides during the fertilization process?
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How many nuclei are present at the micropylar end during fertilization?
How many nuclei are present at the micropylar end during fertilization?
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What happens to the synergides after they perform their function?
What happens to the synergides after they perform their function?
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Which structure is central in the process of fertilization at the micropylar end?
Which structure is central in the process of fertilization at the micropylar end?
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What are the common structures associated with calcium oxalate in plants?
What are the common structures associated with calcium oxalate in plants?
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Which of the following references discusses calcium oxalate in detail?
Which of the following references discusses calcium oxalate in detail?
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Which term is not associated with calcium oxalate formations?
Which term is not associated with calcium oxalate formations?
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What kind of chapter content can you find relevant information about calcium oxalate?
What kind of chapter content can you find relevant information about calcium oxalate?
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In which structural forms is calcium oxalate typically found in plants?
In which structural forms is calcium oxalate typically found in plants?
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What is the shape typically associated with globoids?
What is the shape typically associated with globoids?
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In which of the following conditions are globoids soluble?
In which of the following conditions are globoids soluble?
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Which of the following statements about globoids is true?
Which of the following statements about globoids is true?
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Which property indicates that globoids are not easily affected by certain substances?
Which property indicates that globoids are not easily affected by certain substances?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of globoids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of globoids?
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Study Notes
Seed Structure and Development
- Seeds are mature fertilized ovules containing an embryo
- Plant reproduction involves pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal
- Ovules transform into seeds, and the ovary develops into fruit enclosing the seeds
- Seeds disperse to various locations, germinating into new plants under suitable conditions
Ovule Structure
- Integuments encase and protect the nucellus and ovum
- Micropyle is an opening for pollen tube entrance
- Nucellus is parenchymatous tissue surrounding the ovum
- Chalaza is the basal part where integuments originate
- The ovule is attached to the placenta by the funicle
- Two poles exist; chalazal and micropylar ends
Embryo Sac (Megaspore)
- Contains 8 nuclei (3+2+3)
- Three nuclei at the micropylar end, including one central and egg cell, develop into zygote, and adjacent synergids adjust pollen tube orientation.
- Two central nuclei fuse with the male gamete, forming endosperm (nutritive tissue)
- 2–3 antipodal nuclei degenerate at the chalazal end
Double Fertilization
- One sperm unites with the egg cell, forming the zygote (2n)
- The other sperm unites with two central nuclei to form the endosperm (3n)
Ovule to Seed Development
- The zygote develops into an embryo consisting of radicle and cotyledons
- Triploid cells proliferate to produce the endosperm
- Nucellus might develop into perisperm
- Integuments form the seed coat (testa) after lignification/suberization
Seed Development
- The zygote develops into an embryo (one or two cotyledons, radicle, Plumule)
- Endosperm forms the nutritive tissue
- Perisperm might develop
- Integuments form the seed coat (testa)
Parts of a Typical Seed
- Testa (seed coat): protecting layer
- Endosperm: nutritive tissue
- Cotyledons: food storage parts in the kernel
- Embryo: radicle and plumule
- Kernel: all tissues within the testa
- Perisperm: tissue outside the embryo sac
Types of Seeds
- Albuminous: endosperm and perisperm are present
- Exalbuminous: lack endosperm or perisperm
Types of Ovules
- Atropous (orthotropous): straight ovule; funicle, chalaza, and micropyle are in a straight line
- Anatropous: inverted ovule; micropyle is next to hilum; chalaza is at the opposite end
- Amphitropous: ovule is bent such that micropyle and chalaza are at right angles to hilum
- Campylotropous: ovule is curved upon itself with micropyle and chalaza positioned close to each other
Types of Outgrowths
- Arillus: covers whole seed, forms from funicle or hilum (e.g., cardamom)
- Arillode: forms from micropyle, covers parts of seeds (e.g., nutmeg)
- Caruncle: fleshy outgrowth from tissue near the micropyle (e.g., ricinus)
- Strophiole: local enlargement over the position of the raphe (e.g., colchicum)
- Wing: membranous extension (from the funicle or integuments)
- Tuft of hairs: sometimes found on the seed (e.g., apocyanaceae or strophanthus)
Testa Structure
- Composed of one or two integuments
- Four layers: epidermis, hypodermis, sclerenchymatous layer, and pigment/nutritive layer
- The testa's surface may be smooth, striated, pitted, papillose or hairy
- Testa contents can vary, from membranous to woody or fleshy
Reserved Food Materials
- Carbohydrates: starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose
- Fixed oils and proteins (aleurone grains)
Aleurone Grain Types
- Simple in structure or consist of amorphous protein mass with inclusions
Microscopic Seed Characters
- Testa and outgrowths (if present)
- Perisperm
- Endosperm
- Embryo
- Cell contents (starch, protein, fixed oils)
Types of Embryos
- Straight (e.g., linseed)
- Accumbent (e.g., fenugreek)
- Incumbent
- Coiled
- Spiral
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intricate structure and development of seeds, including ovule anatomy and embryo sac formation. This quiz covers essential concepts in plant reproduction, seed dispersal, and the role of various tissues in seed development.
