Seed Science and Technology: Quality Seed Production

Plant breeding and seed technology

To make available quality seeds of new improved varieties in adequate quantity to farmers

Genetically pure, physiologically sound (germination, vigour), free from physical impurities and seed-borne diseases

<p>The speed with which a country is able to multiply quality seeds of high-yielding varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic and composite varieties require more care than pure-line varieties due to residual heterozygosity and aneuploidy, which can lead to genetic impurity and variation in crop performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modern crop varieties bred for specific environmental conditions may exhibit developmental variations when grown in different environments, potentially impacting their performance and productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical mixtures of seeds from other varieties can occur during sowing, harvesting, and processing, leading to genetic impurity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural out-crossing is a major source of contamination in sexually propagated plant species, depending on the extent of cross-fertilization and isolation from contaminants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foliar diseases can affect seed size, while infected seeds can lead to widespread disease occurrence in commercial crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases can deteriorate vegetative propagules, requiring plant protection measures during seed production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift in cross-pollinated crop species and multi-line varieties can lead to loss of genetic equilibrium, which can be minimized by maintaining large plant populations and proper sampling methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-mature release of varieties with minor genetic heterogeneity can lead to varietal deterioration and the occurrence of off-types in seed plots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic inconsistencies are more common in cross-pollinated species and require stringent measures during variety maintenance to ensure genetic purity and quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utmost care is needed for ensuring genetic purity, physical and physiological quality, and seed health during quality seed production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic, agronomic, and seed technology principles are essential for quality seed production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High technical know-how, skill, and financial investment are required for the production of genetically pure seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance breeding is crucial for purification and stabilization of released genotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed source confirmation is necessary for raising a certified seed crop to ensure genetic purity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous cropping history is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation is required to avoid natural crossing and undesirable types from nearby fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time isolation of 15 to 20 days is necessary for crops with determinate flowering habit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distance isolation is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation requirements are based on the method and mode of pollination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes are specified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation in time for paddy can be achieved by providing a time of over 25 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two additional seed classes are not finally certified seed and standard seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four-generation system followed by AOSCA includes breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The varietal identification committee (VIC) identifies superior entries, which are then forwarded to the central sub-committee on crop standards for evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Seeds Act, 1966 mandates that only notified crop varieties are eligible for the certification process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The seed multiplication generation scheme permits limited seed classes to be produced from breeder or pre-basic seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed quality for foundation and certified seed classes in India is assured by third-party state seed certification agencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three generations involved in the seed multiplication system are breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New varieties undergo testing for VCU through the initial varietal trials (IVT) and advanced varietal trials (AVT) under the AICRP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The approved varieties are notified in the official gazette of India and by the Seeds Division, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic deterioration in crop varieties is influenced by factors such as genotypic constitution, pollination behavior, and repeated use, leading to potential issues of genetic contamination and outcrossing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under the OECD seed schemes, pre-basic, basic, and certified seed classes are recognized, with specific labeling and production requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varieties on the OECD list accepted by National Designated Authorities can be certified for seed production in any country under the OECD seed certification system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quality seed production is crucial for enhancing crop production as it can increase crop yield by 15-20% or more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main objective of a seed production program is to supply quality planting material at the right time and at affordable prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low seed quality can lead to poor stand establishment in the field and yield loss in various crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed quality depends on genetic constitution, flowering, and pollination behavior. Using cleaned grain as seed or farm-saved seed can cause deterioration of genetic constitution and poor germination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed agronomy involves careful selection of a proper site for seed production, seedbed preparation, irrigation, weed and pest control, and identification and removal of contaminants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Policy support, regulatory system support, and state-of-the-art facilities are necessary for a well-orchestrated seed program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variety release for commercial cultivation involves multi-location agronomic evaluation, submission of release proposal to a review committee, and two or more steps of evaluation before release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the USA, state seed certification agencies are aided by a national review board established by the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) for determining the eligibility of varieties for certification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory framework for variety testing, release, notification, and seed market regulation are important to preserve the interests of the farming community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successful seed production requires establishment of variety identity, maintaining variety purity, and adherence to good farming practices and quality standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strict measures need to be followed during seed production, harvesting, and post-harvest operations to maintain the desired varietal purity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chapter discusses variety release procedures, limited generation schemes, causes for genetic deterioration, measures to safeguard genetic identity and purity, and general agronomic and seed technology principles for quality seed production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic, agronomic, and seed technology principles are essential for quality seed production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High technical know-how, skill, and financial investment are required for the production of genetically pure seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance breeding is crucial for purification and stabilization of released genotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous cropping history is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation in time for paddy can be achieved by providing a time of over 25 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation requirements are based on the method and mode of pollination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time isolation of 15 to 20 days is necessary for crops with determinate flowering habit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes are specified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distance isolation is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed source confirmation is necessary for raising a certified seed crop.</p> Signup and view all the answers