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Questions and Answers
What are the two arms of crop improvement programmes?
What are the two arms of crop improvement programmes?
Plant breeding and seed technology
What is the ultimate goal of any plant breeding programme?
What is the ultimate goal of any plant breeding programme?
To make available quality seeds of new improved varieties in adequate quantity to farmers
What are the characteristics of quality seeds mentioned in the text?
What are the characteristics of quality seeds mentioned in the text?
Genetically pure, physiologically sound (germination, vigour), free from physical impurities and seed-borne diseases
What does the pace of progress in food production largely depend upon?
What does the pace of progress in food production largely depend upon?
Explain why synthetic and composite varieties require more care than pure-line varieties in seed production and maintenance.
Explain why synthetic and composite varieties require more care than pure-line varieties in seed production and maintenance.
What are the potential challenges when modern crop varieties bred for specific environmental conditions are grown in different environments?
What are the potential challenges when modern crop varieties bred for specific environmental conditions are grown in different environments?
How can mechanical mixtures of seeds from other varieties occur during seed production?
How can mechanical mixtures of seeds from other varieties occur during seed production?
What is a major source of contamination in sexually propagated plant species?
What is a major source of contamination in sexually propagated plant species?
How can foliar diseases affect seed production?
How can foliar diseases affect seed production?
What measures are required to protect vegetative propagules from viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases during seed production?
What measures are required to protect vegetative propagules from viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases during seed production?
What can lead to loss of genetic equilibrium in cross-pollinated crop species and multi-line varieties?
What can lead to loss of genetic equilibrium in cross-pollinated crop species and multi-line varieties?
What are the potential consequences of premature release of varieties with minor genetic heterogeneity?
What are the potential consequences of premature release of varieties with minor genetic heterogeneity?
In which type of species are genetic inconsistencies more common, and what measures are required during variety maintenance?
In which type of species are genetic inconsistencies more common, and what measures are required during variety maintenance?
What are the key factors that require utmost care during quality seed production?
What are the key factors that require utmost care during quality seed production?
What principles are essential for quality seed production?
What principles are essential for quality seed production?
What is required for the production of genetically pure seed?
What is required for the production of genetically pure seed?
Why is maintenance breeding crucial for seed production?
Why is maintenance breeding crucial for seed production?
Why is seed source confirmation necessary for raising a certified seed crop?
Why is seed source confirmation necessary for raising a certified seed crop?
What is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants?
What is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants?
What is required to avoid natural crossing and undesirable types from nearby fields?
What is required to avoid natural crossing and undesirable types from nearby fields?
What is the necessary time isolation for crops with determinate flowering habit?
What is the necessary time isolation for crops with determinate flowering habit?
What is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination?
What is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination?
What are the isolation requirements based on?
What are the isolation requirements based on?
What are the specified minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes?
What are the specified minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes?
How can isolation in time for paddy be achieved?
How can isolation in time for paddy be achieved?
What are the two additional seed classes recognized under the OECD seed schemes?
What are the two additional seed classes recognized under the OECD seed schemes?
What is the four-generation system followed by AOSCA for seed production?
What is the four-generation system followed by AOSCA for seed production?
What is the role of the varietal identification committee (VIC) in India's seed certification process?
What is the role of the varietal identification committee (VIC) in India's seed certification process?
What is the primary mandate of the Seeds Act, 1966 in India?
What is the primary mandate of the Seeds Act, 1966 in India?
What is the purpose of the seed multiplication generation scheme integral to certification?
What is the purpose of the seed multiplication generation scheme integral to certification?
Who assures the seed quality for foundation and certified seed classes in India?
Who assures the seed quality for foundation and certified seed classes in India?
What are the three generations involved in the seed multiplication system in India and other SAARC countries?
What are the three generations involved in the seed multiplication system in India and other SAARC countries?
What are the testing stages for new varieties in India's seed certification process?
What are the testing stages for new varieties in India's seed certification process?
Where are the approved varieties notified in India's seed certification process?
Where are the approved varieties notified in India's seed certification process?
What factors influence genetic deterioration in crop varieties?
What factors influence genetic deterioration in crop varieties?
What types of seed classes are recognized under the OECD seed schemes?
What types of seed classes are recognized under the OECD seed schemes?
What is the significance of the OECD seed certification system for varieties?
What is the significance of the OECD seed certification system for varieties?
Explain the importance of quality seed production for enhancing crop yield?
Explain the importance of quality seed production for enhancing crop yield?
What is the main objective of a seed production program?
What is the main objective of a seed production program?
What are the consequences of low seed quality?
What are the consequences of low seed quality?
What factors influence seed quality?
What factors influence seed quality?
What does seed agronomy involve?
What does seed agronomy involve?
What support and facilities are necessary for a well-orchestrated seed program?
What support and facilities are necessary for a well-orchestrated seed program?
What is involved in the process of variety release for commercial cultivation?
What is involved in the process of variety release for commercial cultivation?
How are state seed certification agencies supported in the USA?
How are state seed certification agencies supported in the USA?
Why is a regulatory framework important for variety testing and release?
Why is a regulatory framework important for variety testing and release?
What are the key requirements for successful seed production?
What are the key requirements for successful seed production?
What measures are necessary to maintain varietal purity during seed production?
What measures are necessary to maintain varietal purity during seed production?
What topics are discussed in the chapter on seed production?
What topics are discussed in the chapter on seed production?
What principles are essential for quality seed production?
What principles are essential for quality seed production?
What is required for the production of genetically pure seed?
What is required for the production of genetically pure seed?
Why is maintenance breeding crucial for seed production?
Why is maintenance breeding crucial for seed production?
What is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants?
What is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants?
How can isolation in time for paddy be achieved?
How can isolation in time for paddy be achieved?
What are the isolation requirements based on?
What are the isolation requirements based on?
What is the necessary time isolation for crops with determinate flowering habit?
What is the necessary time isolation for crops with determinate flowering habit?
What are the minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes?
What are the minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes?
What is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination?
What is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination?
What is the role of the varietal identification committee (VIC) in India's seed certification process?
What is the role of the varietal identification committee (VIC) in India's seed certification process?
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Study Notes
Seed Science and Technology: Principles of Quality Seed Production
- Quality seed is crucial for enhancing crop production and can increase crop yield by 15-20% or more.
- The main objective of a seed production program is to supply quality planting material at the right time and at affordable prices.
- Low seed quality can lead to poor stand establishment in the field and yield loss in various crops.
- Seed quality depends on genetic constitution, flowering, and pollination behavior, and using cleaned grain as seed or farm-saved seed can cause deterioration of genetic constitution and poor germination.
- Seed agronomy involves careful selection of a proper site for seed production, seedbed preparation, irrigation, weed and pest control, and identification and removal of contaminants.
- Policy support, regulatory system support, and state-of-the-art facilities are necessary for a well-orchestrated seed program.
- Variety release for commercial cultivation involves multi-location agronomic evaluation, submission of release proposal to a review committee, and two or more steps of evaluation before release.
- In the USA, state seed certification agencies are aided by a national review board established by the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) for determining the eligibility of varieties for certification.
- Regulatory framework for variety testing, release, notification, and seed market regulation are important to preserve the interests of the farming community.
- Successful seed production requires establishment of variety identity, maintaining variety purity, and adherence to good farming practices and quality standards.
- Strict measures need to be followed during seed production, harvesting, and post-harvest operations to maintain the desired varietal purity.
- The chapter discusses variety release procedures, limited generation schemes, causes for genetic deterioration, measures to safeguard genetic identity and purity, and general agronomic and seed technology principles for quality seed production.
Principles of Quality Seed Production
- Genetic, agronomic, and seed technology principles are essential for quality seed production
- Production of genetically pure seed requires high technical know-how, skill, and financial investment
- Varied interventions are needed depending on flowering pattern, floral structure, and genetic constitution of the variety
- Maintenance breeding is crucial for purification and stabilization of released genotypes
- Seed source confirmation is necessary for raising a certified seed crop
- Previous cropping history is considered to avoid genetic contamination through volunteer plants
- Isolation is required to avoid natural crossing and undesirable types from nearby fields
- Time isolation of 15 to 20 days is necessary for crops with determinate flowering habit
- Distance isolation is practical to achieve in most crops to avoid pollen contamination
- Isolation requirements are based on the method and mode of pollination
- Minimum varietal purity standards for non-hybrids under OECD seed schemes are specified
- Isolation in time for paddy can be achieved by providing a time of over 25 days
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