Seed Plants Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of juniper berries?

  • They are used as a spice and in alcoholic drinks. (correct)
  • They are mainly consumed as fruits.
  • They are used for wood construction.
  • They are primarily used for decorative purposes.

Which of the following species is considered the tallest tree in the world?

  • Coastal redwood (correct)
  • European larch
  • Northern white-cedar
  • Giant sequoia

Which tree has needles that are dark green and grow in bundles of two, measuring 10-15 cm long?

  • Norway spruce
  • Blue spruce
  • Scots pine
  • Austrian pine (correct)

What is a unique characteristic of the European silver-fir's cones?

<p>They are upright and cylindrical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family do Dwarf mountain-pine and Scots pine belong to?

<p>The Pine family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic identifies the Yew family of plants?

<p>Flattened evergreen leaves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tree species has poisonous seeds and is generally considered barely toxic?

<p>Yew (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Cedar-of-Lebanon native to?

<p>Eastern Mediterranean basin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary advantage that seeds have over spores?

<p>Seeds can remain dormant for extended periods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a gymnosperm?

<p>Seeds are naked and found on woody cones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the life cycle of gymnosperms?

<p>The male gametophyte is represented by pollen grains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens after fertilization in gymnosperms?

<p>The zygote divides to form a seed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for the gymnosperm group known as cycads?

<p>They are dioecious and can grow up to 20 meters high. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic does the Ginkgo biloba plant possess?

<p>It is the only known species of its kind still alive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of conifers within the Pinales order?

<p>Their leaves are needlelike or scaly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gymnosperms primarily achieve pollination?

<p>Via wind to carry pollen grains to female cones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about seeds is NOT accurate?

<p>Seeds must germinate in contact with water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Juniper Berry

A type of fruit found in the Juniper family, formed by the fleshy cone of the plant. Often used as a spice or in the production of certain alcoholic drinks.

Scots Pine

A tall, evergreen tree known for its needle-like leaves arranged in bundles of two.

European Silver Fir

A tall, evergreen tree with large, upright cones and flat needles that have two distinctive white bands on the underside.

European Larch

A deciduous tree that loses its leaves each fall, known for its soft needles arranged in bundles of 30, and its use in the construction industry.

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Aril

A type of fruit that surrounds a seed, often found in the Yew family. It is the only part of the Yew that isn't poisonous.

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Northern White-Cedar

A tall, evergreen tree commonly grown in gardens, cemeteries and parks. It originates from North America.

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Cedar of Lebanon

A tall, evergreen tree native to the mountains of the eastern Mediterranean basin. Its wood is often used for building and it is considered the national emblem of Lebanon.

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Coastal Redwood

A tall, evergreen tree with a wide base and the highest known height of any tree in the world.

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Giant Sequoia

A tall, evergreen tree that can be found in California. It is known for its massive size and the thick bark covering its trunk.

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Seed Plants

Plants that reproduce using seeds, which are multicellular, protected, and have a food supply for the embryo.

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Flowers or Cones

Reproductive structures found in seed plants that contain ovules or pollen.

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Gymnosperm

A type of seed plant that does not produce flowers, but instead bears seeds on scales of woody cones.

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Angiosperm

A type of seed plant that produces flowers and fruits, with seeds enclosed within an ovary.

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Spore

A single-celled reproductive unit, often requiring a wet environment to germinate.

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Cycad

A type of gymnosperm with palm-like leaves and dioecious reproductive systems.

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Ginkgo

A type of gymnosperm characterized by fan-shaped leaves, with the only living species being the Ginkgo biloba.

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Pine

The group of gymnosperms commonly known as conifers, with needle-like or scaly leaves.

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Pollination

The process of transferring pollen grains from the male cone to the female cone.

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Fertilization

The fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell, resulting in a diploid zygote with the potential to develop into an embryo.

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Study Notes

Seed Plants

  • Seed plants have seeds, reduced gametophytes (ovules and pollen), and create flowers (or cones) and fruits.

Advantages of Seeds over Spores

  • Seeds are multicellular, consisting of an embryo and food supply.
  • Seeds are protected by a seed coat, allowing dormancy for days, months, or even years.
  • Seeds can be dispersed by wind or animals over long distances.
  • Seeds germinate more easily than spores.
  • Spores are single-celled and lack protection from harsh conditions, with shorter lifespans.
  • Spores require a wet environment to germinate.

Changes after Fertilization

  • The zygote divides and forms an embryo.
  • The ovule transforms into a seed.
  • The female cone develops into a woody cone.

Divisions of Seed Plants

  • Gymnosperms (naked seed plants)
  • Angiosperms (covered seed plants)

Gymnosperms

  • Two divisions: Gymnosperms (nahosemenné rastliny) and Angiosperms (krytosemenné rastliny).
  • Seeds are "naked," meaning they are on scales of woody cones (šišky).
  • Ovules are not protected by an ovary.

Gymnosperm Life Cycle

  • Sporophyte is the recognizable plant.
  • Separates male and female cones (strobili, šištice).
  • Male cones contain pollen grains.
  • Female cones create ovules.
  • Male gametophyte = pollen grain (contains sperm).
  • Female gametophyte = ovule (contains two egg cells).

Gymnosperm Pollination and Fertilization

  • Rely on wind for pollination.
  • The pollen grain lands on the female cone, forming a pollen tube for sperm cell travel to the egg cell.
  • Fertilization creates a diploid zygote; unlike angiosperms, double fertilization does not occur.

Gymnosperm Families

  • The cycad order (CYCADALES – CYKASY): palm-like, dioecious, up to 20 meters high. Queen Sago (cykas indický) seeds contain starch (sago) for use as flour.
  • The maidenhair-tree order (GINKGOALES – GINKÁ): only living ginkgo species, fan-shaped leaves, dioecious, oldest fossils date back 270 million years, used as a park tree, pharmaceutical purposes.
  • The pine order (PINALES – IHLIČINY): conifers, evergreen needle-like or scaly leaves, resin canals, monoecious, wind-pollinated. Includes cones, berries, and aril. Specific types include Scots pine, Austrian pine, dwarf mountain-pine, Norway spruce, blue spruce, European silver-fir, European Larch.

Specific Conifers

  • Information on different types of conifers, including their features (needle shape, cone shape, height, etc.), location, uses, etc. (e.g., Coastal redwood, Giant sequoia, Juniper, Cedar-of-Lebanon, Yew).

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Seed Plants PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential characteristics of seed plants, including their advantages over spores. It explores the changes that occur after fertilization and the divisions of seed plants, specifically gymnosperms and angiosperms. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics in plant biology.

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