Recent

  • Show all results for ""
Sedatives and Hypnotics
40 Questions
0 Views

Sedatives and Hypnotics

Created by
@InnocuousWashington

Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between sedative and hypnotic effects?

  • Sedative effects are seen at higher doses, while hypnotic effects are seen at lower doses
  • Sedative effects reduce anxiety, while hypnotic effects induce drowsiness (correct)
  • Sedative effects are seen in the daytime, while hypnotic effects are seen at night
  • Sedative effects are short-term, while hypnotic effects are long-term

    • Which of the following drugs is classified as a non-sedating anxiolytic?

  • Alprazolam (Xanax)
  • Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  • Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
  • Buspirone (BuSpar) (correct)

    • What is the characteristic of acute anxiety?

  • Recurring episodes of severe anxiety
  • Severe anxiety with marked psychological and physiologic symptoms (correct)
  • Chronic anxiety with no symptoms
  • Mild anxiety with minimal symptoms

    • What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on consciousness and sleep?

    <p>Facilitating the activity of GABA at various sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sleep stages is characterized by high-frequency, low-amplitude activity?

    <p>Stage 1 and 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?

    <p>Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat OCD?

    <p>Antidepressant drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of panic disorder?

    <p>Acute episodes of severe anxiety with marked psychological and physiologic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following benzodiazepines is commonly used to treat panic disorder?

    <p>Alprazolam (Xanax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between benzodiazepines and barbiturates?

    <p>Benzodiazepines are safer in cases of overdose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between benzodiazepines and barbiturates?

    <p>Benzodiazepines are used for anxiety, while barbiturates are used for sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of long-term use of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of benzodiazepines on memory?

    <p>Produce anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihistamines is used as a sedative-hypnotic?

    <p>Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of buspirone?

    <p>Acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-sedating alternative to benzodiazepines?

    <p>Buspirone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following barbiturates is used to induce anesthesia?

    <p>Thiopental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of newer hypnotic drugs such as zolpidem and eszopiclone?

    <p>To treat insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of sedative-hypnotic drug?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antihistamine has been used to treat mild anxiety and is sometimes used as a sedative before surgery?

    <p>Hydroxyzine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of benzodiazepines on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>They dilate coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of flumazenil?

    <p>To reverse the effects of benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics?

    <p>They have a shorter duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential use of melatonin?

    <p>Accelerating 'resetting' the biologic clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of buspirone?

    <p>It is a partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of buspirone?

    <p>It produces muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of diphenydramine?

    <p>Treating insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following barbiturates has been used to treat seizure disorders?

    <p>Phenobarbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Increasing the affinity of the receptor for GABA and the duration of time the channel remains open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of antihistamines?

    <p>Some tolerance can occur during long-term use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using lorazepam over other benzodiazepines in elderly patients?

    <p>It can be administered orally or IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics has a high affinity for H1 receptors?

    <p>Doxepin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of midazolam?

    <p>Anesthesia for endoscopy or minor surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines and barbiturates?

    <p>Benzodiazepines bind to a different site on the GABA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of flumazenil?

    <p>Counteracting the adverse effects of benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using clonazepam over other benzodiazepines?

    <p>It doesn't have active metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of highly lipid-soluble barbiturates?

    <p>They are well absorbed from the gut and rapidly redistribute from brain to peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of temazepam?

    <p>Treating insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the duration of action of oxazepam and lorazepam?

    <p>Oxazepam has a shorter duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to gradually taper doses of benzodiazepines?

    <p>To prevent seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sedatives and Hypnotics

    • Sedative-hypnotic drugs are extremely common and can cause sedation at regular doses and hypnosis at higher doses.
    • They can be classified into different categories, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antihistamines, and non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics.

    Classification of Anxiety

    • Anxiety can be classified into different types, including:
      • Acute anxiety
      • Panic disorder
      • Phobic disorders
      • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
      • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
      • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    Panic Disorders

    • Panic disorders are characterized by acute episodes of severe anxiety with marked psychological and physiologic symptoms.
    • They may include feelings of impending doom, accompanied by sweating, tachycardia, and tremors.
    • Panic disorders often respond to treatment with benzodiazepines or antidepressants (SSRIs).
    • Alprazolam (Xanax) and clonazepam (Klonopin) are commonly used benzodiazepines, while fluoxetine (Prozac) is a commonly used SSRI.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • OCD is characterized by obsessions, which are recurring or persistent thoughts and impulses, as well as compulsions, which are repetitive behaviors in response to obsessions.
    • OCD can be treated effectively with antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy.

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • GAD is characterized by chronic worry and apprehension concerning future events.
    • Benzodiazepines are used for short-term therapy, can be used intermittently, and SSRIs and SNRIs are often used as well.
    • Buspirone (BuSpar) provides a non-sedating alternative to benzodiazepines.

    Sleep Disorders

    • Sleep disorders can be classified into different types, including insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, enuresis, somnambulism, and nightmares.
    • Insomnia can be treated with benzodiazepines, such as zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta), which decrease sleep latency and increase sleep duration.

    Benzodiazepines

    • Benzodiazepines are a type of sedative-hypnotic drug that exerts their effect on consciousness and sleep by facilitating the activity of GABA at various sites.
    • They increase the affinity of GABA for its binding site and facilitate the opening of the chloride ion channel.
    • Benzodiazepines can produce anterograde amnesia, are useful for patients undergoing stressful procedures, and can cause physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome.
    • Flumazenil (Romazicon) is a competitive benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that can counteract the adverse effects of benzodiazepines.

    Barbiturates

    • Barbiturates are another type of sedative-hypnotic drug that binds to a distinct site on the GABA receptor chloride ion channel.
    • They increase the affinity of the receptor for GABA and the duration of time the channel remains open, but have a greater toxicity and smaller therapeutic index than benzodiazepines.
    • Barbiturates are used less frequently due to their toxicity and potential for abuse.

    Antihistamines

    • Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, are occasionally used to treat mild insomnia and anxiety, have less potential for abuse, and are available over-the-counter.
    • They can cause tolerance and have a ceiling effect, but are not associated with physical dependence or significant drug abuse.

    Non-Benzodiazepine Sedative Hypnotics

    • Non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, such as zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta), have replaced older benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia.
    • They have fewer adverse effects, do not affect REM or slow-wave sleep, and have a shorter duration of action, precluding daytime sedation and hangover effects.

    Melatonin

    • Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is available over-the-counter.
    • It may be effective in treating jet lag, insomnia in shift-change workers, delayed sleep-phase syndrome, and non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder.

    Non-Sedating Anxiolytic Drugs

    • Buspirone (BuSpar) is a unique anxiolytic drug that is not similar to any other drugs.
    • It is a partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, causing up-regulation of postsynaptic serotonin receptors.
    • Buspirone takes 3-4 weeks to produce an anxiolytic effect and is used to treat chronic anxiety without causing sedation, amnesia, tolerance, dependence, or muscle relaxation.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about sedative-hypnotic drugs, their effects, and types including benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Understand their uses and differences.

    More Quizzes Like This

    Sedatives and Hypnotics Overview
    5 questions

    Sedatives and Hypnotics Overview

    OptimisticYellow avatar
    OptimisticYellow
    Sedatives and Hypnotics
    152 questions

    Sedatives and Hypnotics

    InvaluableBoolean avatar
    InvaluableBoolean
    Pharmacology: Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
    70 questions

    Pharmacology: Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

    CleanlyBoston avatar
    CleanlyBoston
    Sedatives and Tranquilizers Quiz 1
    25 questions

    Sedatives and Tranquilizers Quiz 1

    ImpartialAlbuquerque avatar
    ImpartialAlbuquerque
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser