45 Questions
Which pathological change is most typical of severe hypertension?
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
In malignant hypertension, the vascular changes are accompanied by which of the following?
Fibrinoid deposits and vessel wall necrosis
How does nephron loss contribute to the progression of hypertension?
It leads to exacerbation of the hypertension, creating a vicious circle
What is the primary mechanism by which hypertension leads to hypertensive heart disease?
Increased demands placed on the heart, causing pressure overload and ventricular hypertrophy
Which of the following is NOT a vascular disorder associated with hypertension?
Myocardial infarction
What is the basic mechanism for established hypertension?
Increased resistance in the arterioles
Which type of hypertension may present with uncontrolled blood pressures possibly exceeding 220/120 mm Hg?
Malignant hypertension
What type of vascular wall change is typically associated with malignant hypertension?
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
What is a characteristic feature of hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
Thickening of arteriole walls
In patients with established hypertension, which factor is primarily responsible for increased blood flow resistance?
Increased total peripheral resistance
Which of the following is the most characteristic feature of systemic hypertensive heart disease?
Marked concentric thickening of the left ventricular wall
What is the primary cause of left atrial dilation in systemic hypertensive heart disease?
Stiffening of the left ventricle and impaired diastolic relaxation
In long-standing systemic hypertensive heart disease leading to congestive failure, what is the typical change observed in the hypertrophic left ventricle?
Dilation of the left ventricle
Which of the following is a characteristic finding in malignant hypertension?
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
What is the normal heart weight for a 60- to 70-kg individual?
320 to 360 g
What is the hallmark feature of hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
Homogeneous, pink thickening of arteriolar walls
Which condition is associated with benign hypertension and hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
What structural changes occur in large arterial blood vessels due to hypertension?
Thickening of the media layer
Which process leads to diffuse vascular compromise and nephrosclerosis in the kidneys?
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
What is the main cause of the thickening of the media layer of muscular arteries in response to hypertension?
Smooth muscle hyperplasia
Which of the following is NOT a pathological consequence of chronic hypertension?
Increased cardiac output and reduced peripheral resistance
Malignant hypertension is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Gradual onset and slow progression
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is a pathological change associated with:
Deposition of hyaline material in arteriolar walls
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the definition of hypertension?
The definition of hypertension is based on the level of blood pressure above which treatment does more good than harm.
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis is characterized by:
Excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells in arteriolar walls
Which of the following antihypertensive drug classes is most likely to cause cold extremities as a side effect?
Beta-Blockers
Which antihypertensive drug class is most lipid soluble and therefore more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
Beta-Blockers
Which of the following antihypertensive drug classes is most likely to cause claudication (cramping pain in the legs during exercise) as a side effect?
Beta-Blockers
Which antihypertensive drug class is most likely to cause electrolyte imbalances, such as hypokalemia, as a side effect?
Diuretics
Which antihypertensive drug class is most effective at reducing blood pressure by directly inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of action of spironolactone?
It blocks the aldosterone receptors in the collecting ducts, resulting in sodium and water loss, and potassium retention.
Which class of antihypertensive medications is absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the use of antihypertensive medications in emergency hypertension?
Clonidine and parenteral agents like sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine are used for better control over blood pressure reduction.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the primary objective of antihypertensive treatment?
To control and maintain blood pressure to prevent long-term end-organ damage.
Which class of antihypertensive medications is typically recommended as the first-line treatment, along with thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers, based on patient comorbidities?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Which of the following is a potential side effect of lipid-soluble beta-blockers that is NOT typically seen with water-soluble beta-blockers?
Central nervous system (CNS) effects
Which of the following diuretic classes is most likely to cause hyperuricemia and precipitate gout?
Thiazide diuretics
Which of the following is a potential mechanism by which calcium channel blockers can improve claudication symptoms in patients with peripheral artery disease?
Vasodilating peripheral arteries
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of diuretic therapy that can exacerbate claudication and cold extremities?
Hypokalemia
Which of the following is a potential mechanism by which beta-blockers can worsen claudication and cold extremities in patients with peripheral artery disease?
Decreasing cardiac output
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of lipid-soluble beta-blockers?
All of the above
Which of the following statements regarding calcium channel blockers (CCBs) is correct?
All of the above
Which of the following statements regarding diuretics in the management of hypertension is correct?
Thiazide diuretics decrease cardiac output and blood pressure by reducing sodium and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for the use of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem) in the treatment of hypertension?
All of the above
Which of the following statements regarding the combination of beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers in the treatment of hypertension is correct?
Combining beta-blockers with non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers is contraindicated due to the risk of severe bradycardia and heart block.
Test your knowledge on secondary hypertension, physiologically definable causes of renal disease, and conditions linked to increased activity in the renin-angiotensin system and adrenal medulla and cortex secretions. Understand the pathological consequences of raised arterial pressure such as atherosclerosis.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
