30 Questions
What physical forces affect the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure, Glomerular capillary plasma pressure
Why does the tendency for H2O to move by osmosis oppose glomerular filtration?
Due to higher H2O concentration in Bowman's capsule compared to glomerular capillaries
What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
10 mm Hg
Which pressure forces large volumes of fluid from the blood through the glomerular membrane?
Net filtration pressure
What is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in females per day?
160 liters
Which physical forces affecting GFR are not subject to regulation under normal conditions?
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure and Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure
What is the primary function of the Na+-K+ pump in the secondary active transport process?
To set up a Na+ gradient
Which segment of the nephron reabsorbs the highest percentage of Na+ ions?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What role does Na+ reabsorption play in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Critical in producing urine of varying concentrations
Which substance is directly reabsorbed in conjunction with Na+ in the proximal tubule?
Amino acids
What is the effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
Increases Na+ reabsorption
Why is the active Na+-K+ ATPase pump considered essential for Na+ reabsorption?
It is responsible for establishing the Na+ gradient
What is the main mechanism by which kidneys maintain a constant GFR as MAP changes?
Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole when GFR is high
Which structure is responsible for sensing high salt and fluid flow in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
Macula densa
What is the role of ATP in the process of active reabsorption in the kidneys?
To facilitate transporting substances from tubular lumen to blood
How much of the glomerular filtrate is typically returned to the blood at a normal GFR of 125 ml/min?
124 ml/min
What happens to excess ions, urea, and toxins in the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?
They become concentrated in the filtrate
What initiates vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole in autoregulation when MAP is high?
Myogenic mechanism
What is the effect on H+ secretion in response to low H+ concentration in the body fluids?
H+ secretion decreases
How does aldosterone impact K+ secretion in the nephron?
Stimulates K+ secretion
What is the relationship between plasma K+ concentration and aldosterone secretion?
High plasma K+ concentration increases aldosterone secretion
What happens to aldosterone-stimulated renal K+ secretion when plasma K+ concentration declines?
It decreases
How does increased aldosterone secretion affect Na reabsorption and K+ secretion?
Promotes Na reabsorption and stimulates K+ secretion
What determines the rate of any given substance in urine excretion according to the text?
GFR, Reabsorption rate, and Secretion rate
What triggers the granular cells to secrete more renin in response to a fall in NaCl?
Increased sympathetic activity
Which hormone increases Na+ reabsorption by the principal cells of the distal and collecting tubules?
Aldosterone
What is the function of Angiotensin II in the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Stimulates thirst
What is the main function of ANP and BNP when released due to mechanical stretching of heart muscle cells?
Regulate ECF volume
What is the main purpose of tubular secretion in the renal system?
Transport waste from filtrate to blood
Which mechanism is extremely important in regulating acid-base balance in the body?
Renal H+ secretion
Test your knowledge on the secondary active transport process in kidney tubules, including the role of Na+-K+ pump, substance reabsorption, secretion, and control mechanisms in different parts of the renal tubules.
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