Second-generation Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs (part 2)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of Zopiclone (Imovane)?

To treat depression
To treat anxiety disorders
To induce sleep (correct)
To increase serotonin levels

Which drug is classified as a melatonin receptor agonist?

Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac)
Nitrazepam (Mogadon)
Buspirone hydrochloride (Bustab)
Zopiclone (Imovane) (correct)

How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) primarily work?

By blocking norepinephrine reuptake
By decreasing acetylcholine production
By increasing serotonin levels in the brain (correct)
By activating dopamine receptors

Which drug is commonly used to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is NOT classified as an antidepressant?

Triazolam (Halcion) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Flurazepam (Dalmane)?

To induce sleep (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are used to treat bipolar and other mental health disorders?

Mood stabilizers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do first-generation antipsychotic drugs primarily block?

D2 receptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter's receptors are antagonized by first-generation antipsychotic drugs?

Dopamine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are some significant adverse effects associated with first-generation antipsychotic drugs?

Weight gain and sedation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is NOT classified as a mood stabilizer?

Gabapentin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of antagonists in the context of first-generation antipsychotic drugs?

Block receptor function (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs did Ursula start out with?

First-generation antipsychotics (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which side effects caused Ursula to feel embarrassed?

Uncontrolled movements (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why did Ursula's psychiatrist try lowering her dosage of the first drug?

To reduce the extrapyramidal side effects (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the second drug have on Ursula's movement problems?

It eliminated them (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of second-generation antipsychotics according to the text?

Appetite stimulation and weight gain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why did Ursula state that she was getting fat with the new drugs?

Appetite stimulation from the new drugs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of side effects are fewer in second-generation antipsychotic drugs?

Extrapyramidal side effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms do second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs target?

Both negative and positive symptoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drug?

Haloperidol (D) Signup and view all the answers

What side effect can Clozapine cause that requires immediate reporting of flu-like symptoms, sore throat, and fever?

Neutropenia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which second-generation antipsychotic drug can help in controlling hyperactivity quickly and is used for mania as well as psychosis?

Olanzapine (Zyprexa) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What condition can be caused by anti-psychotics and is characterized by a syndrome called Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)?

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of an adverse reaction to dopamine receptor antagonist?

Drooling, muscle stiffness, difficulty swallowing (B) Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if rapid treatment is not sought for an adverse reaction to dopamine receptor antagonist?

Permanent organ damage or death (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is described as a dopamine stabilizer in the text?

Aripiprazole (Abilify) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is NOT used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) according to the text?

Donepezil hydrochloride (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug acts as a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist?

Memantine hydrochloride (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if treatment is not sought immediately for an adverse reaction to dopamine receptor antagonist?

Permanent organ damage or death (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs

Flurazepam (Dalmane), Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halcion), Nitrazepam (Mogadon), Oxazepam (Serax) are examples of antianxiety and hypnotic drugs.
Short-acting sedative-hypnotic sleep agents, such as Zopiclone (Imovane), are used for sleep.
Melatonin receptor agonists, like Buspirone hydrochloride (Bustab), are also used for anxiety.

Antidepressant Drugs

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include Nortriptyline hydrochloride (Aventyl, Norventyl), Amitriptyline hydrochloride (Elavil, Levate), and Imipramine hydrochloride (Impril).
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) include Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac), Paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil), Citalopram hydrobromide (Celexa), Escitalopram oxalate (Cipralex), Fluvoxamine maleate (Luvox), and Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft).
SSRIs work by allowing more serotonin to be available at the synaptic gap.

Mood Stabilizers

Lithium carbonate (Carbolith, Lithane, Lithmax) is used to treat bipolar and other mental health disorders.
Anticonvulsant drugs, such as Valproate (available as sodium divalproex and valproic acid [Depakene]), Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lamotrigine (Lamictal), Gabapentin (Neurontin), Topiramate (Topamax), and Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), are also used to treat mood disorders.

Antipsychotic Drugs

First-generation antipsychotic drugs, also known as conventional or typical antipsychotics, are strong antagonists that reduce dopamine transmission by blocking D2 receptors.
Examples include Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol), and Perphenazine (Trilafon).
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs, also known as atypical antipsychotics, produce fewer extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and target both negative and positive symptoms.
Examples include Clozapine (Clozaril), Risperidone (Risperdal), Quetiapine fumarate (Seroquel), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Ziprasidone hydrochloride monohydrate (Zeldox), Paliperidone (Invega), and Paliperidone palmitate (Invega Sustenna).
Third-generation antipsychotic drugs, such as Aripiprazole (Abilify), are dopamine stabilizers.

Other Drugs

Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Biphentin, Concerta, Ritalin) and Dextroamphetamines, such as amphetamine aspartate monohydrate (Adderall XR), are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept), Galantamine hydrobromide (Reminyl), Rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (Exelon), and Memantine hydrochloride (Ebixa) are used to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Case Study

Ursula's history of side effects and compliance issues suggest that she has taken an antipsychotic, initially a first-generation agent, which caused motor abnormalities, and then a second-generation product, which caused weight gain due to appetite stimulation.
The second-generation antipsychotic's side effects include weight gain, which is affecting Ursula's self-image.

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Description

Learn about second-generation antipsychotic drugs that produce fewer extrapyramidal side effects, target both negative and positive symptoms, and are often chosen as first-line treatment. This quiz covers topics related to dopamine and serotonin blockers in atypical antipsychotics.