KPE264 normative values

Module 1: Body Normative Values

• Normal body pH registers at 7.1.
• Normal body temperature is 38 degrees Celsius.
• The body operates at 40% efficiency when breaking down glucose.
• ATP consumption is 1kg per hour during rest.

Module 1: Average Body Fuel and Energy Stores (65 kg, 12% Body Fat)

• Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram.
• Liver glycogen stores: 110g, totaling 451 kcal.
• Muscle glycogen stores: 500g, amounting to 2,050 kcal.
• Fat yields 9 calories per gram.
• Adipose tissue triglycerides (subcutaneous & visceral) store 7,800g, equivalent to 73,320 kcal.
• Intramuscular triglycerides store 161g, which is 1,513 kcal.

Module 2: Phosphagen Stores

• One unit of ATP is formed per unit of substrate during the phosphagen system.
• It takes 5-10 minutes to replenish phosphagen stores.

Module 2: Non-Oxidative Glycolysis

• The non-oxidative glycolysis produces 2-3 units of ATP per unit of substrate.
• Glycolysis involves breaking down one glucose molecule (6-C) into two pyruvate molecules (3-C).
• Glycogenolysis converts one glucose unit (6-C) from glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate.

Module 2: Glycolytic System

• ATP is converted to ADP at a 1:1 ratio, occurring twice.
• Four ADP molecules are converted into 4 ATP molecules.
• Two NAD+ molecules are converted into 2 NADH + H+.
• Net ATP gain from glucose is 2 ATP.
• Net ATP gain from glycogen is 3 ATP.

Module 2: Oxidative Metabolism

• Oxidative metabolism yields over 30 units of ATP per unit of substrate.

Carbohydrate Oxidation

• Pyruvate transforms into acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH.

Krebs Cycle

• Generates 1 ATP.
• Generates 1 FADH2, which yields 2 ATP in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
• Generates 3 NADH, which yield 3 ATP in the ETC.
• Generates 2 CO2.

Electron Transport Chain

• NADH is converted to NAD+.
• FADH2 is converted to FAD.
• O2 is converted to H2O.
• ADP + Pi combine to form ATP.
• ½ O2 is converted to H2O.
• Transfer of ATP across the mitochondrial membrane accounts for NADH = 2.5 ATP, and FADH2 = 1.5.

Maximum ATP Yield from Carbohydrate (Glycogen)

• Glycolysis produces 3 ATP (total if anaerobic) and 2 NADH, yielding 3 ATP and 5 ATP respectively.
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) produces 2 NADH, resulting in 5 ATP.
• TCA/ETC generates 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP, resulting in 15 ATP, 3 ATP, and 2 ATP respectively.
• Total ATP yield from carbohydrate metabolism is 33 ATP.

Fatty Acid (FA) Mobilization

• Triglycerides (TG) are broken down into 3 Fatty Acids (FAs) and glycerol.

Beta Oxidation

• The number of turns is calculated as (# of C)/2 - 1.
• Generates FADH2, NADH, and acetyl coA.

ATP Yield from Palmitate Oxidation (16-C FA)

• Each turn of beta-oxidation produces 1 FADH2 (1.5 ATP), 1 NADH (2.5 ATP), and 1 acetyl CoA (10 ATP), along with 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP.
• 14 ATP are produced every beta-oxidation turn, totaling 98 ATP after 7 turns.
• The remaining 2-carbon unit (1 acetyl CoA) produces 10 ATP.
• 108 ATP are produced, but 2 ATP are used for fatty acid activation.
• The total ATP yield from palmitate oxidation is 106 ATP.

Fuel Comparison: Carbohydrates (CHO) vs. Lipids

• Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g, while fats provide 9 kcal/g.
• Carbohydrates offer approximately 2500 kcal of capacity, while fats offer unlimited capacity.
• ATP per carbon is 5.3 for carbohydrates and 6.6 for fats.
• ATP per O2 is 5.3 for carbohydrates and 4.6 for fats.
• Carbohydrates are ~10% more O2 efficient than fats.

Carbohydrate Consumption and Optimal Performance

• A normal diet (3.9g CHO/kg/day) supports ~5 minutes to exhaustion at 105% VO2max.
• A high-carbohydrate diet (6.1g CHO/kg/day) extends time to exhaustion to ~6.5 minutes at 105% VO2max.
• A low-carbohydrate diet (0.3g CHO/kg/day) reduces time to exhaustion to ~3.25 minutes at 105% VO2max.

Energy Systems

• Phosphagen system: PCr → Cr, ATP formed per second: 10.0, ATP/unit substrate: 1, Usable Capacity: ≤ 15 sec.
• Glycolytic system: Glu/Glyc → Lactate, ATP formed per second: 5.0, ATP/unit substrate: 2-3, Usable Capacity: ≤ 60 sec.
• Oxidative (CHO) system: Glu/Glyc → CO2, H2O, ATP formed per second: 2.5, ATP/unit substrate: 32-33, Usable Capacity: ~ 90 min.
• Oxidative (FAT) system: FA / TG → CO2, H2O, ATP formed per second: 1.5, ATP/unit substrate: ~106, Usable Capacity: days.

Module 3: Relative Contribution of Energy Systems at Maximal Exercise

• Use of Energy systems and the duration/type of event

Fuel Use During Maximal Exercise

• ~5 sec, 85 / 10 / 5 energy use with the Phosphagen/Glycolytic/Oxidative systems respectively, 40m dash event
• ~30 sec, 30 / 50 / 20 energy use with the Phosphagen/Glycolytic/Oxidative systems respectively, Wingate test event