24 Questions
What has been the impact of digitalization and industrialization on poverty?
Decreased poverty, but it is increasing again, especially due to COVID-19
Which region has the highest poverty level?
Sub-Saharan Africa
What is the key driver of poverty impact according to the text?
Agriculture
How has COVID-19 affected GDP according to the text?
Had a large negative effect on GDP, leading to long-term impacts on debt, unemployment, household income, and health
What has been the trend in inequalities over time according to the text?
Inequalities have diminished over time, but GDP per capita differences between high-income and low-income countries have increased
What is the impact of climate change on economic inequality according to the text?
Climate change has a non-linear impact on economic inequality, with hot countries suffering more
What was the year when the WAO Act for Long Term Disability was introduced in the Netherlands?
1967
In which year did a certain prime minister in the Netherlands initiate a shift from public to private responsibilities for long-term disability benefits?
1994
What are the criteria set by the EU for the Corporate Sustainable Reporting Directive (CSRD) to be mandatory for employers?
More than 250 employees or net turnover above 40 mln or total assets of at least 20 mln
What does the CSRD require employers to disclose?
Information on risks and opportunities arising from social and environmental issues, and impact of their activities on people and environment
What is one of the challenges mentioned for the future labor market in Europe?
Pressure on existing pension agreements due to an ageing population
What is emphasized as a potential solution for maintaining welfare in the future labor market?
Transforming the labor market
What is cited as a benefit of a hybrid model for long-term disability benefits?
Efficiency due to profit incentive
What does the text mention as a reason to invest in all employees?
Cost-effectiveness due to increased productivity
What is the main focus of SDG 1.5?
Resilience of the poor and reducing exposure to climate-related situations, economic, social, and environmental events
What does SDG 8.5 aim to achieve?
Full and productive employment, and decent work for men and women, including young people and disabled individuals
What is the primary concern addressed in SDG 8.8?
Labor rights and safe working environments, especially for migrant workers (female)
What are some of the causes contributing to changes in the labor market mentioned in the text?
Globalization, digitization, demographic developments, and global warming
What has been a significant impact on employment relationships as mentioned in the text?
They have become shorter lived, more isolated, fragile, less predictable, and secure
What is one of the trends observed in the labor market mentioned in the text?
Many jobs are no longer workplace related due to factors such as WFH during Covid-19 and offshoring
What is one example of tasks being transferred from producers to users mentioned in the text?
Banks transferring tasks to consumers through the use of apps and call centers
What is one effect of demographic developments on the labor market according to the text?
Different demographic pyramids resulting in more older individuals and fewer younger individuals leading to more vacancies
What is one impact of global warming on the labor market as stated in the text?
Changes in industries and required skills due to environmental effects such as global warming
What has been a significant impact of digitization on jobs according to the text?
Jobs are changing and becoming easier due to digitization but also leading to a higher pace of change, broadened scope, and deepened impact.
Study Notes
Impact of Economic Inequality, Climate Change, and COVID-19 on Global Poverty and Welfare Systems
- Age pyramid shifting, leading to changing demand and competition for workers
- Outcomes: big opportunities for tech-driven and skilled workers, but less for low-skilled workers
- Tension in society due to inequality, with the government tasked with redistribution
- Digitalization and industrialization have decreased poverty, but it is increasing again, especially due to COVID-19
- Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest poverty level, while East Asia has significantly lower levels
- Unemployment percentages are similar across continents, but poverty is about having a decent job
- Inequalities have diminished over time, but GDP per capita differences between high-income and low-income countries have increased
- Housing, unemployment, labor market, and family benefits have increased in many countries post-war, but the first 40% in many high-income countries have very little means
- Poor people are more impacted by natural disasters and emerging markets are exposed to recent crises, leading to an increase in poverty
- Agriculture is a key driver of poverty impact, and global warming could worsen health and productivity
- Climate change has a non-linear impact on economic inequality, with hot countries suffering more
- COVID-19 has had a large negative effect on GDP, leading to long-term impacts on debt, unemployment, household income, and health
Source: Diffenbauch and Burke's paper on the impact of climate change on economic inequality, and Sanchez et al.'s paper on the effect of COVID-19 on income and the tax-benefit system in Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the UK
Learn about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1.5, 8.5, and 8.8 that focus on resilience of the poor, reducing exposure to climate-related situations, and promoting full and productive employment with decent work for all. Understand the developments in the labour market and the central role of resilience of the poor in the course, as well as the changing work chances and pace of change.
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