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Which group had significant involvement in the illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition?
What was a common consequence of Prohibition on law enforcement?
Which weapon was notably used by gangs during the Prohibition era?
How did Al Capone rise to power in Chicago during Prohibition?
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What was the primary reason for the violent confrontations among gangs during Prohibition?
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What demographic background was common among gangsters during the Prohibition era?
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What method did breweries use to maintain operation during Prohibition?
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What role did Al Capone play in Chicago during Prohibition?
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What was the primary aim of the trial involving John Scopes?
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Which organization promised to defend anyone who challenged the anti-evolution law?
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What was the Eighteenth Amendment aimed to prohibit?
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What significant impact did Clarence Darrow's cross-examination have during the Scopes trial?
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Which groups were primarily responsible for promoting the temperance movement in rural USA?
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What argument was posed by supporters of prohibition concerning alcohol and family life?
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Why were drinkers accused of being unpatriotic during World War I?
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What was a consequence of the Scopes trial in relation to American fundamentalism?
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What was a significant event during Al Capone's violent reign in 1929?
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What was one of the main criticisms of Prohibition?
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Which event contributed to the repeal of Prohibition in 1933?
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What was a key factor that contributed to the Wall Street Crash?
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How did speculation impact the stock market before the crash?
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Which industry showed signs of economic decline as early as 1926?
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What was a common misconception about stock market investment in the 1920s?
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Which factor is mentioned as contributing to concerns about the US economy during the 1920s?
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What primarily caused the decrease in consumer demand by 1929?
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What significant event in 1929 indicates the beginning of the Wall Street Crash?
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How did the Wall Street Crash primarily affect the wealthy investors?
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Which of the following was a direct consequence of the panic selling during the Wall Street Crash?
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What led to the significant banking crisis in the late 1920s?
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Which statement best captures the broader economic impact of the Wall Street Crash?
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What was a common characteristic of the American economy in the late 1920s before the crash?
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What was the outcome of the banking failures in 1930?
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What was the primary purpose of the National Recovery Administration (NRA)?
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What significant action was taken by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?
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Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Hundred Days measures?
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What criticism did 'pump priming' face from Republicans and industrialists?
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What effect did the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority have on the local population?
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What did the blue eagle symbolize for firms that joined the National Recovery Administration?
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How much did banking measures save homeowners and farmers from repossession during the Hundred Days?
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What was one of the significant technological improvements brought by the TVA?
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Study Notes
The Scopes Trial
- In 1925, Tennessee passed a law banning the teaching of evolution in schools.
- The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) challenged the law, finding John Scopes, a science teacher, to be the defendant in a trial.
- The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes, while William Jennings Bryan, an anti-evolutionist leader, prosecuted.
- The trial garnered national attention as it was the first to be broadcast on radio.
- Despite Scopes' conviction and fine, the trial highlighted the censorship of free speech and exposed weaknesses in the anti-evolutionist argument, ultimately weakening the anti-evolution movement.
Prohibition
- The temperance movement in rural America, driven by religious and social concerns about alcohol's impact on families, gained significant momentum in the early 20th century.
- Groups like the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union successfully campaigned to prohibit alcohol sales in individual states.
- Industrialists supported prohibition, believing it would improve worker reliability, while politicians saw it as a way to garner rural votes.
- Supporters of prohibition, also known as 'dries', argued that alcohol led to family destruction, lawlessness, and unpatriotic behavior.
- The movement culminated in the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1917, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. The Volstead Act in 1920 enforced this amendment.
Consequences of Prohibition
- Prohibition created widespread corruption as law enforcement officers, including Prohibition agents and police, were often involved in the illegal liquor trade.
- Breweries paid bribes to officials to continue operating.
- Organized gangs, primarily formed by immigrants, capitalized on the illegal alcohol market, generating an estimated $52 billion in revenue.
- These gangs, including those led by figures like Dan O'Banion, Pete and Vince Guizenberg, and Lucky Luciano, fought violently for control of the liquor trade and associated rackets in speakeasies.
- Technological advancements like automobiles and the Thompson submachine gun aided these gangs.
- Fear and bribery rendered law enforcement ineffective.
Al Capone and Chicago
- Al Capone, who arrived in Chicago in 1919 after a murder investigation in New York, rose to become a powerful and ruthless gangland leader.
- Capone built a network of corrupt officials in Chicago, including police, local government employees, judges, lawyers, & Prohibition agents. He even controlled the mayor, William Hale Thompson.
- Known for his public image, he frequented sports events and was generous with tips and donations.
- Capone ruthlessly eliminated rivals, allegedly committing over 300 murders, ultimately dominating the city's underworld.
- The St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Capone's men murdered seven members of rival Bugsy Moran's gang, became a symbol of the era's violence.
End of Prohibition
- The St. Valentine's Day Massacre sparked public outrage, highlighting the failure of Prohibition to curb illegal alcohol consumption and increase lawlessness.
- The Wall Street Crash and subsequent Great Depression further fueled the movement to repeal Prohibition. Legalizing alcohol was seen as a way to create jobs, generate tax revenue, and free up resources.
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932, oversaw the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.
Causes of the Wall Street Crash
- The booming economy of the 1920s led to widespread stock market investment, encouraging Americans to view it as a quick path to wealth.
- The increase in shareholders from 4 million in 1920 to 20 million in 1929 fueled speculation, with many borrowing money to buy shares and sell them quickly for profit.
- Women participated significantly in speculation, and banks lent $9 billion for this purpose in 1929.
- Despite some downturns, the steady rise in share prices throughout the 1920s intensified speculation, ultimately leading to a frantic demand for shares and increasingly inflated prices.
- Confidence played a crucial role, with rising prices attracting more buyers and fear of a downturn driving selling.
Weaknesses in the US Economy
- The downturn in the construction industry, a key indicator of economic health, began in 1926.
- Concerns over uneven wealth distribution, unstable banks, and the decline of sectors like farming, coal, textiles, and traditional trades emerged.
- The boom of the 1920s, driven by increased consumer goods sales, proved unsustainable as overproduction created a surplus.
- While wealthy consumers had already purchased goods, the majority of people could not afford them due to low wages and credit options.
- Despite high-pressure advertising campaigns, demand decreased as wages remained stagnant and prices did not decline.
- The inability of American industry to export surpluses due to Europe's financial difficulties and retaliatory tariffs further weakened the economy.
Wall Street Crash, October 1929
- By the summer of 1929, weaknesses began to appear, including slowing car sales and a drop in industrial output for the first time in four years.
- Fearing losses, speculators began selling their shares. Many had borrowed money to buy shares and could not repay their loans as the value of their shares plummeted.
- Panic ensued as other investors sold their shares, leading to a desperate attempt by speculators to dump 13 million shares on October 29, 1929, at a fraction of their original price.
Consequences of the Wall Street Crash
- The wealthy individuals who had invested heavily in the stock market suffered the most significant losses.
- The downturn in spending from the wealthy, who had always been the primary purchasers of goods, immediately impacted the economy.
- Many who had borrowed money for stock purchases were unable to repay loans, leading to the bankruptcy of insurance companies and banks.
- The crash destroyed consumer confidence, a crucial element in maintaining economic prosperity.
Banking Crisis
- The banking crisis reached its peak in 1929, with 659 bank failures.
- The loss of trust in banks led to mass withdrawals of savings.
- In 1930, over 1,000 banks, such as the Bank of the United States, which held deposits for one-third of New Yorkers, collapsed.
- This was the worst bank failure in American history, resulting in the withdrawal of billions of dollars and a reliance on storing money at home or in safe deposit boxes.
The New Deal
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of programs aimed at mitigating the effects of the Great Depression.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
- The NRA aimed to improve workplace conditions, outlaw child labor, establish fair wages, and regulate production levels to stimulate the economy.
- Firms that joined the NRA used the blue eagle symbol to indicate their participation.
- Although voluntary, the NRA's goal was to put more money in workers' hands to stimulate spending.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Established to address the significant physical and social problems in the Tennessee Valley, including flooding, soil erosion, poverty, and lack of electricity, the TVA was considered one of the New Deals most successful programs.
- To address these issues, 33 dams were constructed on the Tennessee River, creating jobs and facilitating the provision of electricity to homes and businesses.
- The TVA also led to the displacement of families, the destruction of some Native American sites, and the opening of textile mills employing women, which ultimately helped the region.
Impact of the Hundred Days
- The measures introduced during the Hundred Days restored confidence in the government, stopping the withdrawal of money from banks.
- The banking policies prevented 20% of homeowners and farmers from losing their properties.
- The TVA brought electricity to underdeveloped areas and the New Deal created thousands of jobs and financed landmarks like the Golden Gate Bridge.
- However, significant public spending and debt rose as a result of the New Deal.
- The "pump priming" approach of investing public money to create jobs, while welcomed by some, faced criticism from Republicans and industrialists who saw it as wasteful spending.
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Description
Explore the pivotal events of the Scopes Trial and the Prohibition movement in early 20th-century America. This quiz delves into the legal battle over teaching evolution and the temperance movement's push against alcohol. Understand how these trials shaped public discourse and societal norms.
