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Questions and Answers
What is one task that audiologists are not permitted to perform?
What is the primary requirement for becoming a licensed Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)?
Which organization is responsible for providing the Code of Ethics for Speech-Language Pathologists?
Which statement best describes a SOAP note?
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What is the minimum number of observation hours required for a SLP before starting direct contact time?
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How many total hours are required for an audiologist before they can initiate direct contact with clients?
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What is one of the main roles of professional ethics in the workplace for SLPs?
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Why should SLPs be knowledgeable about audiograms?
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What does metaphon therapy primarily aim to improve?
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In assessing a child's developmental age, which aspect is NOT considered?
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Which recommendation is NOT part of effective caregiver coaching?
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Why does early intervention for language skills differ from treatments for other ages?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a mode of language?
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What is an example of a Low-Tech AAC option?
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Who is most likely to need AAC?
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What skill is essential for using AAC systems effectively?
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What does the auditory skills hierarchy begin with?
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What is the main purpose of a hearing screening?
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How is listening age determined?
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What is the purpose of continuing education for professionals?
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What is included in a language assessment?
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What distinguishes formal/standardized tests from informal/criterion-referenced tests?
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What does a conflict of interest refer to in the context of an SLP or Audiologist?
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What is prognosis in a clinical context?
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What distinguishes transcription for a speech sample from that of a language sample?
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What is NOT a characteristic of articulation treatment techniques?
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Which approach focuses on the correction of individual phonemes through ear training?
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What does the Core Vocabulary Approach emphasize in articulation therapy?
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Which of the following best describes the multiple oppositions treatment approach?
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What does a phonological disorder primarily involve?
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Which component is NOT part of phonological processing?
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What is the primary focus of Non-Speech Oral-Motor Therapy?
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Which type of competence involves the use of language or AAC for effective interaction?
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What is the primary focus of Positive Behavioral Support (PBS)?
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What does task analysis involve?
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Which of the following techniques is NOT commonly used in teaching new behaviors?
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What is the definition of negative reinforcement?
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In which scenario would someone be considered hypersensitive?
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What could be a recommended response to challenging behaviors?
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What does shaping involve when teaching new behaviors?
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Study Notes
Scope of Practice
- Audiologists can treat hearing disorders but cannot diagnose speech and language disorders.
- Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) can treat speech, language, and literacy disorders but cannot diagnose hearing loss.
- Both Audiologists and SLPs can complete assessments, but assistants can only assist, not perform assessments independently.
- Both Audiologists and SLPs can write treatment plans, but assistants must follow their supervisor's plan.
Documentation and Licensing
- SOAP notes document client progress or information for each therapy session. Important for audits and insurance.
- CCC stands for Certificate of Clinical Competence.
- SLP licensing requirements: Requires a master's degree, completion of supervised clinical hours, passing the PRAXIS exam, and having a CCC (CCC-SLP).
- Audiologist licensing requirements: Requires a clinical doctorate (CCC-A).
- ASHA - American Speech and Hearing Associate - provides resources, lobbying, and ethical guidelines for SLPs.
- SLPs must complete 400 observation hours prior to direct client contact (25 clinical observations, 375 direct client contact).
- Audiologists must complete 1,820 observation hours.
Ethics and Compensation
- Personal Ethics: Formed from upbringing, acculturation, personal choices, and education. Not everyone with similar ethics tenets applies them in the same way.
- Professional Ethics: Establish right and wrong actions in serving clients in the workplace. Provide a common set of core values when confronted with ethical dilemmas.
- SLPs are most often paid by billable units.
- Therapy Unit = 15 minutes
- Evaluation Unit = 30 minutes
- ASHA Board of Ethics provides the Code of Ethics for SLPs.
- American Academy of Audiology (AAA) Ethical Practice Board provides the Code of Ethics for Audiologists.
Hearing and Listening
- SLPs need to know how to perform hearing screenings and interpret audiometric data to help patients with hearing impairments.
- Auditory skills hierarchy:
- Detection: Is sound present or not?
- Discrimination: Ability to tell the difference between sounds.
- Identification: Labeling or choosing items.
- Comprehension: Responding in a logical way.
- Listening Age: Length of time someone has had consistent access to sound, using hearing technology all day.
- Ex: 24-month-old who received hearing aids at 10 months old = listening age of 14 months old.
- Chronological Age: Age from birth.
Additional Information
- Continuing Education: Required for SLPs and Audiologists after gaining CCCs. New methods of treating are introduced, and it helps learn about new populations or disorders.
- Diagnosis: Conclusion of the assessment and evaluation; what is going on with the client.
- Prognosis: How the client is expected to do in therapy given the diagnosis.
- Screening: Determines if an evaluation or referral is needed.
- Pass or Fail - Cannot diagnose or describe details of a disorder.
- Hearing Screenings: Done at birth and can be done at any time.
- Formal/Standardized Tests: Based on a normative score, and scores that funding sources are looking for.
- Normal Range: 7-13.
- Informal/Criterion-Referenced Tests: Checklist of skills, percent of correctness.
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - protects privacy.
- Conflict of Interest: SLPs or Audiologists receiving personal or financial gain from clients or manufactures that compromises professional judgment.
Language Assessment
- Language Assessment includes: Case history, parent interview, test results, observations.
- Hearing Screening includes:
- Otoscopy: Examines structures of the ear.
- Tympanometry: Shows how well the middle ear is working.
- Oto Acoustic Emissions (OAE): Shows how well the inner ear is working.
- Transcription for speech samples is in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet).
- Transcription for language samples is in orthography (normal writing).
Articulation Treatment
- Articulation treatment techniques: Target selections, stimulus words selections, treatment techniques, feedback phrases.
- Ex: Use a mirror, gestures, amplification, tactile feedback, metaphors.
- Articulation treatment approaches:
- Van Riper (Traditional) Approach: Focuses on correcting individual phonemes.
- Paired-Stimuli Approach: Operant conditioning, using a keyword.
- Multiple Phoneme Approach: Targets all troubled sounds at the same time.
- Core Vocabulary Approach: Focuses on whole-word production.
- Non-Speech Oral-Motor Therapy: Used prior to teaching speech sounds.
- SMART Goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Timely.
Articulation and Phonological Disorders
- Articulation Disorder: Speech sound errors.
- Phonological Disorder: Difficulties with the language rules that underlie speech.
- Syllable Structure Patterns:
- Weak syllable deletions
- Final consonant deletion
- Initial consonant deletion
- Reduplication
- Consonant cluster reduction/deletion
- Epenthesis
- Assimilation Simplification Patterns:
- Labial, alveolar, velar, nasal assimilation.
- Prevocalic voicing and postvocalic devoicing.
- Phonological Processing Components: Phonological awareness, working memory, and retrieval.
Phonological Treatment Approaches
- Maximal Oppositions: Uses a pair of words to contrast (ex: "meat" and "seat").
- Multiple Oppositions: Targets several sounds during one session.
- Cycles Approach: Trains in patterns.
- Metaphon Therapy: Helps acquire the rules of the phonological system.
Developmental Age and Caregiver Coaching
- Developmental Age: The age a child is functioning at. Treatment should be based on developmental age.
- Caregiver Coaching Recommendations:
- Create a positive environment.
- Recognize individual family needs.
- Ensure caregivers have a feeling of potential success.
- Develop active listening skills.
- Educate on all communication and intervention options.
- Provide peer support.
- Ensure caregivers play an active role in the plan.
- Focus on outcomes and progress.
Early Intervention and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
- Early Intervention (EI) for language skills: Best addressed when identified early.
- Family involvement key.
- Activities developmentally appropriate and motivating.
- Play skills usually targeted.
- Child may not have a large vocabulary.
- Modes of Language: Reading, writing, gesturing, listening, speaking.
- Types of AAC:
- No-Tech: No external support (sign language).
- Low-Tech: External support, but no batteries (printed photos, paper and pencil).
- Mid-Tech: Batteries, but no computer component (talking photo album).
- High-Tech: Computer component (iPad).
- Who might need AAC: Individuals with limited speech or speech that is not functional.
- Skills needed for AAC:
- Linguistic Competence: Knowledge of the language code/features of AAC.
- Social Competence: Knowledge of language/AAC for interaction (pragmatics).
- Operational Competence: Knowledge of accessing and operating an AAC device.
- Strategic Competence: Knowledge of maximizing communication success despite limitations of AAC.
- AAC Treatment Ideas: Modeling, individualizing content, teaching communication partners.
- Communication Partner Training Strategies: Include them in therapy sessions.
- PBS - Positive Behavioral Support: Discover the underlying cause of challenging behaviors.
- ABA - Applied Behavioral Analysis - A scientific approach to improving socially acceptable behaviors.
Behavior Management
- Antecedent: Something in the environment that causes or prevents behavior.
- Behavior: A response to the environment.
- Consequence: A reaction to the behavior that increases or decreases the probability of it happening again.
- Techniques for teaching new behaviors:
- Task analysis: breaking down a task and teaching individual parts.
- Chaining: teaching individual steps of a task and then sequencing them (forward and backward).
- Prompting: using helpful cues that help with task initiation.
- Shaping: different levels of reinforcement.
- Senses are important in behavior management because some children may exhibit challenging behavior to seek sensory stimulation or to avoid sensory input.
- Hypersensitive: Over-responsive to sensory information.
- Hyposensitive: Under-responsive to sensory information.
- Recommendations for responding to challenging behaviors: Positive and negative reinforcement, and extinction.
- Positive Reinforcement: Something positive given to increase the frequency of a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing something negative to increase the frequency of a behavior.
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Description
This quiz covers the scope of practice for audiologists and speech-language pathologists, detailing their roles, limitations, and licensing requirements. Understand the necessary documentation like SOAP notes and what certifications, such as CCC, are needed. Test your knowledge on the distinctions between these professions and their responsibilities.
