Scoliosis Diagnosis and Classification

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between functional and non-structural scoliosis?

Curve direction, with functional scoliosis curve to the right and non-structural to the left

The ability to straighten with forward bending, with functional scoliosis being correctable (correct)

The presence of wedge-shaped vertebrae, with functional scoliosis having more

The degree of lateral curvature, with functional scoliosis having a more severe curve

What is the minimum degree of curvature that may require surgical intervention?

60° (Cobb's) (correct)

50° (Cobb's)

70° (Cobb's)

40° (Cobb's)

What is the characteristic of wedge-shaped vertebrae in scoliosis?

They can be congenital or develop over time (correct)

They are a result of spinal mobilization

They are only found in non-structural scoliosis

They are only found in functional scoliosis

What is the name of the type of scoliosis that has a genetic or unknown cause?

Idiopathic Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of structural scoliosis?

The curve has a lateral curvature with rotation of the vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the forward bending test in diagnosing scoliosis?

To determine if the curve is structural or functional Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis?

Adolescent Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Congenital Scoliosis?

Spinal, rib, scapular deformity or fusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common feature of Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?

Female > Male Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of Neuromuscular Scoliosis?

Poor muscle control or paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Degenerative Scoliosis?

Facet/IVD degeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of Syndromic Scoliosis?

Asymmetries caused by a syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for bracing in scoliosis treatment?

Severe cases or high risk of progression Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scoliosis responds better to treatment?

Functional scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Adam's Test in scoliosis treatment?

To observe the curve with forward bending Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraindication for HVLA in scoliosis treatment?

Levels that are fused Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the Copes Brace in scoliosis treatment?

It is a dynamic TLSO with air-filled pads Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Milwaukee brace and the Boston Brace?

The Milwaukee brace is a high-profile TLSO, while the Boston Brace is a low-profile TLSO Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lateral curvature of the spine to the right?

Dextroscoliosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of scoliosis?

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a hemivertebra in congenital scoliosis?

It is a wedge-shaped vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of degenerative scoliosis?

Asymmetric vertebral degeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for early onset scoliosis?

Before the age of 10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of Sheuermann's kyphosis?

Back pain and stiffness Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of rehabilitation in the treatment of scoliosis?

To improve balance and proprioception Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lateral curvature of the spine to the left?

Levoscoliosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor for curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

Noticed/Dx before menarche/early onset Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the diagnosis of congenital scoliosis?

In early childhood Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, which can be classified into two main categories: functional (non-structural) and structural
Functional scoliosis is a lateral curvature with rotation of the vertebrae, which can be corrected with spinal mobilization, stretching, and strengthening
Structural scoliosis is a curvature caused by spinal abnormalities, such as wedge-shaped vertebrae, which may be congenital or acquired

Categories of Scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis: genetic or unknown cause, accounting for 90% of cases
Congenital scoliosis: caused by spinal, rib, or scapular deformity or fusion
Neuromuscular scoliosis: caused by poor muscle control or paralysis, often associated with diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, and muscular system
Degenerative scoliosis: caused by facet or intervertebral disc degeneration, leading to spinal asymmetry

Signs and Symptoms

Uneven shoulders or waistline
Head tilt or rotation
Rib humping on one side
Appearance of leaning to one side
Back pain or muscle spasm
More severe cases may experience loss of balance, history of falls, or low self-esteem

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Most common type of scoliosis, affecting up to 4% of adolescents
Onset in adolescence, often during growth spurts
Curve increases during growth spurts
Most common is a right thoracic dextroscoliosis

Congenital Scoliosis

Caused by spinal defect present at birth, affecting the structure of the vertebrae
Vertebrae may be wedge-shaped or hemivertebrae
Usually detected at an earlier age than adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Less severe curves typically not painful
May notice a change in posture as the first sign
Inability to walk in more severe cases
Occurs secondary to neuromuscular disease, such as cerebral palsy, Duchenne and spinal muscular dystrophy, myelodysplasia, and spina bifida

Degenerative Scoliosis

May be called adult-onset or de novo scoliosis
Patient's asymmetric vertebral degeneration
IVD degeneration causes structural changes
Most common in the lumbar spine

Treatment of Scoliosis

Rehabilitation is extremely important, including:
- Stretching exercises to improve concavity
- Balance ball exercises to improve balance and proprioception
- Chest expansion exercises
- Postural retraining, including side shift exercises
Massage therapy and hydrotherapy may also be indicated
Bracing may be indicated in severe cases or if the risk of progression is high
Osseous mobilization and manipulation may be effective in reducing pain and spasm

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Description

Learn about the types of scoliosis, including lateral curvature of the spine, thoracic kyphosis, and the two main categories of scoliosis. Understand the difference between functional and structural scoliosis.