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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a scientific table?
What is the primary purpose of a scientific table?
- To summarize the introduction and conclusion of a study.
- To display data in a visually appealing format.
- To replace the need for written explanations in a research paper.
- To organize collected data and observations for easy analysis. (correct)
In a scientific table, repeating units for each variable within the data section is essential for clarity.
In a scientific table, repeating units for each variable within the data section is essential for clarity.
False (B)
What type of data is best suited for representation using a column graph?
What type of data is best suited for representation using a column graph?
Categorical data
When the independent variable is _______ and the dependent variable is _______, a pie chart can be used.
When the independent variable is _______ and the dependent variable is _______, a pie chart can be used.
Match the type of graph with its appropriate use case:
Match the type of graph with its appropriate use case:
Which feature is NOT considered a standard practice for constructing a scientific table?
Which feature is NOT considered a standard practice for constructing a scientific table?
Line graphs are best used when the independent variable consists of categorical data and the dependent variable is numerical.
Line graphs are best used when the independent variable consists of categorical data and the dependent variable is numerical.
In the context of graphing, what is 'interpolation'?
In the context of graphing, what is 'interpolation'?
A graph typically requires both _______ and _______ gridlines, whereas a column graph typically requires only _______ gridlines.
A graph typically requires both _______ and _______ gridlines, whereas a column graph typically requires only _______ gridlines.
Match the data type with the recommended type of graph:
Match the data type with the recommended type of graph:
Which type of graph is most suitable for displaying data that shows the distribution of test scores in a class?
Which type of graph is most suitable for displaying data that shows the distribution of test scores in a class?
For a scatterplot, the line of best fit must pass through all data points to accurately represent the relationship between variables.
For a scatterplot, the line of best fit must pass through all data points to accurately represent the relationship between variables.
Define what is meant by 'extrapolation' in the context of data analysis and graphing.
Define what is meant by 'extrapolation' in the context of data analysis and graphing.
In a dataset, an _______ is an inaccurate data point caused by a mistake, and should not be included in a line of best fit.
In a dataset, an _______ is an inaccurate data point caused by a mistake, and should not be included in a line of best fit.
Match the graph description to its slope characteristic:
Match the graph description to its slope characteristic:
Which of the following describes a non-linear curved graph where the rate at which the curve is rising decreases?
Which of the following describes a non-linear curved graph where the rate at which the curve is rising decreases?
Histograms are most appropriately used when the independent variable's data is categorical.
Histograms are most appropriately used when the independent variable's data is categorical.
What is the purpose of a line of best fit in a scatterplot?
What is the purpose of a line of best fit in a scatterplot?
In the context of data representation, _______ refers to data that can be counted using whole counting numbers, whereas _______ refers to data that is collected on a measuring scale.
In the context of data representation, _______ refers to data that can be counted using whole counting numbers, whereas _______ refers to data that is collected on a measuring scale.
Match the data type with its definition:
Match the data type with its definition:
A researcher is studying the relationship between hours of sunlight and plant growth. Both variables are continuous and numerical. Which type of graph would be most appropriate?
A researcher is studying the relationship between hours of sunlight and plant growth. Both variables are continuous and numerical. Which type of graph would be most appropriate?
In a well-constructed scientific table, the independent variable should be placed in the last column.
In a well-constructed scientific table, the independent variable should be placed in the last column.
What is the distinction between a histogram and a column graph regarding the type of data they display?
What is the distinction between a histogram and a column graph regarding the type of data they display?
For a pie chart to be appropriate, the dependent variable needs to be _______ because the pie chart needs to show the fraction of the total.
For a pie chart to be appropriate, the dependent variable needs to be _______ because the pie chart needs to show the fraction of the total.
Match the data type with its example:
Match the data type with its example:
Which type of graph should a student use when the independent variable's data is numerical and continuous, and its data points can be groups into intervals?
Which type of graph should a student use when the independent variable's data is numerical and continuous, and its data points can be groups into intervals?
In scatter plots and lines of best fit, the lines have to be straight ones.
In scatter plots and lines of best fit, the lines have to be straight ones.
In a dataset, explain when to use interpolation or extrapolation to estimate values?
In a dataset, explain when to use interpolation or extrapolation to estimate values?
The slope of a _______ line is zero, while the slope of a _______ line is positive
The slope of a _______ line is zero, while the slope of a _______ line is positive
Match the data with a graph type:
Match the data with a graph type:
What is the purpose of tables, columns, and labels in a scientific table? (Select all that apply)
What is the purpose of tables, columns, and labels in a scientific table? (Select all that apply)
If you had a table with categorical data and continuous data, a line graph would be the proper way to portray the data.
If you had a table with categorical data and continuous data, a line graph would be the proper way to portray the data.
What are the independent and dependent variable axes on a graph?
What are the independent and dependent variable axes on a graph?
A graph is useful as it shows us how the change in the ________ variable affects the _______ variable
A graph is useful as it shows us how the change in the ________ variable affects the _______ variable
Match the definition with the type of data:
Match the definition with the type of data:
Why are graphs used to help interpret data? (Select all that apply)
Why are graphs used to help interpret data? (Select all that apply)
Tables can only contain one trial.
Tables can only contain one trial.
Describe how the outlier variable data is on a accuracy and outlier graph.
Describe how the outlier variable data is on a accuracy and outlier graph.
When the independent variable is ______ data, and the dependent variable is numerical data, the graph to choose should be _______.
When the independent variable is ______ data, and the dependent variable is numerical data, the graph to choose should be _______.
Match the description with the way you would describe the data:
Match the description with the way you would describe the data:
Which option best describes the role of a scientific table?
Which option best describes the role of a scientific table?
In a well-constructed scientific table, units for each variable should be repeated in every cell of the data column.
In a well-constructed scientific table, units for each variable should be repeated in every cell of the data column.
In a scientific experiment, a student measures the temperature change of a liquid at different time intervals. Identify the type of graph that would be MOST suitable for presenting this data, considering that both time and temperature are continuous numerical variables.
In a scientific experiment, a student measures the temperature change of a liquid at different time intervals. Identify the type of graph that would be MOST suitable for presenting this data, considering that both time and temperature are continuous numerical variables.
For a dataset where the independent variable consists of distinct categories (e.g., types of soil) and the dependent variable contains numerical data (e.g., plant height), a ______ graph is the most appropriate visualization tool.
For a dataset where the independent variable consists of distinct categories (e.g., types of soil) and the dependent variable contains numerical data (e.g., plant height), a ______ graph is the most appropriate visualization tool.
Match each description to the best description:
Match each description to the best description:
Flashcards
Scientific Table
Scientific Table
A scientific table organizes collected data and observations made during an investigation.
IV placement in table
IV placement in table
The independent variable (IV) always goes in the first column of the table.
Column Labeling
Column Labeling
Each column must be labeled with the type of variable observed.
Variable Units
Variable Units
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Table Titles & Numbers
Table Titles & Numbers
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Table Borders
Table Borders
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Tables with multiple trials
Tables with multiple trials
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Graphs
Graphs
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Categorical (Nominal) Data
Categorical (Nominal) Data
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Categorical (Ordinal) Data
Categorical (Ordinal) Data
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Numerical (Quantitative) Data
Numerical (Quantitative) Data
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Discrete Numerical Data
Discrete Numerical Data
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Continuous Numerical Data
Continuous Numerical Data
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Line Graphs
Line Graphs
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Column Graph
Column Graph
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Nominal Data Set
Nominal Data Set
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Ordinal Data Set
Ordinal Data Set
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Histogram
Histogram
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Pie Chart
Pie Chart
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X Axis
X Axis
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Y Axis
Y Axis
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Line Graph Usefulness
Line Graph Usefulness
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Simple Line Graph
Simple Line Graph
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Scatterplot
Scatterplot
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Relationship descriptions
Relationship descriptions
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Concave
Concave
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Straight lines
Straight lines
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Interpolation
Interpolation
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Extrapolation
Extrapolation
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Outlier
Outlier
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Study Notes
Good Scientific Tables and Their Graphs
- Scientific tables and graphs are essential tools for organizing, interpreting, and presenting data collected during investigations.
What is a Scientific Table?
- A scientific table organizes collected data and observations made during an investigation.
- Tables make it easier to read information, find patterns in the results, and aid analysis.
Features of a Good Scientific Table
- The independent variable (IV) systematically occupies the first column, followed by the dependent variable (DV) column(s).
- Each column should be clearly labeled with the type of variable observed.
- Units for each variable are included with labels and are NOT repeated throughout the table.
- The table should be provided with a number and descriptive title.
- Tables should have ruled borders for clarity and organization.
- Tables may include numerous trials and the average of the trials.
Graphing Tabulated Data
- Graphs simplify interpreting information, identifying trends, and drawing conclusions from data.
- The type of graph to use is determined by the data you have.
Types of Data
- Categorical data are non-numerical or qualitative, and contain Nominal and Ordinal types.
- The Nominal type refers to named categories like brands and colors.
- The Ordinal type refers to categories with an implied order, such as star ratings or rankings (e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd).
- Numerical data are quantitative and related to numbers.
- Numerical data is categorized as Discrete or Continuous.
- Discrete is data counted using whole counting numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.)
- Continuous is data collected on a measuring scale.
Tables and Graphs
- Tables with numerical continuous data can be displayed on pH and growth scales, and can take on decimal values.
- Data with both IV and DV is displayed as ungrouped continuous numerical data using line graphs.
- Both vertical and horizontal gridlines are displayed on line graphs.
- Data with a categorical IV and continuous DV is shown as a column graph.
- Column graphs require only horizontal gridlines.
Categorical Data
- A nominal data set's categorical data is displayed when using a column graph.
- An ordinal data set's categorical data is displayed when using a column graph.
Graph Variables
- Histograms use gaps.
- Column graphs separate the different data categories.
- The dependent variable goes on the y-axis.
- The IV always goes on the x-axis.
Bar Graph and Histogram
- Histograms are used when the independent variable (IV) is numerical, continuous, and can be grouped.
- Data examples for a histogram would be groups like 0-3, 4-7, 8-11, etc.
- Column graphs are used when the independent variable (IV) data is categorical.
Important Notes About Histograms
- Data height of cherry trees must be numerical
- Gaps between data of 5 feet are used to measure
- Both vertical and horizontal gridlines are required, whereas column graphs only have horizontal gridlines.
Pie Charts
- Pie charts are used when the independent variable (IV) is categorical and the dependent variable (DV) is numerical (a fraction/portion of the whole).
- Pie charts show the fraction of the total.
Graph Selection
- Choose a line graph when data is numerical and both data sets are measurements.
- Choose Histograms when data is grouped and placed in intervals.
- Choose pie charts when data is categorical and numerical, and when the data expressed as parts of a total.
- Choose column graphs when each catergory has its own measurement.
Line Graphs
- Line graphs show how changes in the independent variable affect the dependent variable.
Simple Line Graphs
- Joins all the data points.
Scatterplot and Lines of Best Fit
- Scatterplots are used in science, especially in chemistry and physics experiments, to look for strong relationships between independent (IV) and dependent (DV) variables.
- Line in scatterplot can be smooth, straight or curved, and depends on where most of the data points sit.
Scatterplots Considerations
- Scatterplots ideas can be curved or straight, and passes through some points.
- No data points should be too far away from the line of best fit.
- There is an equal number of data points above and below the line.
Describing Relationships
- Graph A shows that acceleration changes as the force changes.
- Graph B shows an investigation involving a change in the mass.
Describing Best Fit Curved Lines
- This data displays a non-linear curve, displaying an increasing rate at which the curve rises.
- Another non-linear curve displays a decreasing rate.
- Concave up means it is increasing.
- Concave down means it is decreasing.
Describing Straight Lines
- Rising lines have a positive slope.
- Falling lines have a negative slope.
- Horizontal lines have a zero slope.
- Vertical lines have an undefined slope.
- The falling linear graph(negative slope).
Lines and Estimation
- Estimating values from an existing data set is known as interpolation when dealing with a line of best fit.
- Prediction by extending the line of best fit the value for a data point that is beyond the range of measurements is called extrapolation.
- The line of best fit is extended following the same trend.
Accuracy
- The outlier mark is an inaccurate data point.
- The inaccurate data point was caused by a mistake or human error when the data was collected.
- Do not include in a line of best fit.
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