Results Tables in Experiments

Results Tables

• Results tables organize data, showing independent and dependent variables.
• The independent variable is changed, while the dependent variable is measured.
• Include repeats if applicable; calculate the mean.
• Use the same number of significant figures and units in headings.
• Circle and exclude outliers (anomalies) when finding the mean.
• A results table with no repeats has two columns: the independent variable, and the dependent variable.
• A results table with three repeats has four columns: independent variable, trial 1, trial 2, trial 3, and mean.

Example Experiment: Heating Ice Water

• Independent Variable: Time (seconds)
• Dependent Variable: Temperature (°C)
• Data: Ben measured temperature every 15 seconds for 5 minutes. Initial temperature was 0°C. Subsequent readings include: 15 sec = 2°C, 30 sec = 4°C, 45 sec = 6°C, 60 sec = 8°C, 75 sec = 11°C, 90 sec = 14°C, 105 sec = 17°C, 120 sec = 21°C, 135 sec = 25°C, 150 sec = 29°C, 165 sec = 35°C, 180 sec = 12°C, 195 sec = 38°C, 210 sec = 43°C, 225 sec = 47°C, 240 sec = 51°C, 255 sec = 55°C, 270 sec = 60°C, 285 sec = 66°C, 300 sec = 70°C.

Data Analysis

• Range: The range of temperature change is determined by subtracting the lowest temperature from the highest.
• Possible Independent Variable Calculation: Time, temperature readings

Experiment Design

• Possible Independent Variables: Time, amounts of substances, type of substances,
• Possible Dependent Variable: Change of physical property (temp, pH), Change of Chemical reaction
• Possible Control Variables: type of container, volume of liquid, starting temperature.

Experiment Aim

• Aim should be a statement about the purpose of the experiment. For example, to determine the relationship between time and temperature of ice water as it heats.

Experiment Hypothesis

• Hypothesis is a statement of expectation about the outcome of an experiment, for example, as heating time increases, the temperature of ice water will increase linearly.

Improving Reliability and Accuracy

• Repeat Measurements: Take more repeats of each measurement to average out any random errors.
• Precise Instruments: Use more precise instruments (e.g., thermometer) to reduce measurement error.
• Control Variables: Carefully control all other variables that might influence the results.
• Calibration: Calibrate equipment at regular intervals to ensure that results are consistent and accurate.

This quiz focuses on organizing data in results tables, emphasizing independent and dependent variables. It covers how to structure tables with and without repeats, calculate means, and manage outliers. The example of heating ice water illustrates the application of these concepts in scientific experiments.