Scientific Revolution and Protestant Reformation

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately reflects the Enlightenment's approach to knowledge and society?

  • It aimed to reinforce traditional authorities like the Catholic Church.
  • It applied reason and observation from the Scientific Revolution to social and political issues. (correct)
  • It focused solely on preserving existing societal hierarchies.
  • It rejected scientific methods in favor of religious teachings.

Who is credited with the formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation?

  • John Locke
  • Isaac Newton (correct)
  • Galileo Galilei
  • Nicolaus Copernicus

Which economist is primarily associated with the principles of modern capitalism?

  • Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Adam Smith (correct)
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  • John Locke

What power was granted to European kingdoms by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

<p>The right to choose their state religion, Protestant or Catholic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option does not represent a characteristic of the Protestant Reformation initiated by Martin Luther?

<p>Endorsement of the authority of the Catholic pope over Christians. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the beliefs of Wahhabi Islam as founded by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab?

<p>It advocates for a strict interpretation of Islam and rejects practices like music. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Enlightenment regarding societal change?

<p>It inspired new ways of thinking about governance and individual rights. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Enlightenment thought directly contradicted previous societal norms?

<p>Focus on individual reasoning and observation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the emergence of the Scientific Revolution in Europe?

<p>The absence of printing presses, which hindered the spread of ideas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Martin Luther’s “95 Theses” primarily challenge?

<p>The idea that salvation could be achieved through faith alone, not by purchasing indulgences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific theory did Nicolaus Copernicus propose that contradicted traditional views?

<p>The Sun is the center of the universe (heliocentrism) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes John Locke’s political philosophy?

<p>People have natural rights that must be protected by the government, and they have the right to overthrow oppressive rulers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly contributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideas in Europe?

<p>The establishment of salons where intellectual discussions were held (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?

<p>It encouraged a new faith in reason and scientific inquiry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did increased global trade contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

<p>It provided new resources and knowledge that fueled scientific inquiry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common outcome of both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

<p>A greater emphasis on empirical evidence and reason (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the emergence of the Scientific Revolution in Europe?

<p>c) The absence of printing presses, which hindered the spread of ideas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which concept did Martin Luther’s “95 Theses” primarily challenge?

<p>b) The idea that salvation could be achieved through faith alone, not by purchasing indulgences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which scientific theory did Nicolaus Copernicus propose that contradicted the traditional views of the Catholic Church?

<p>b) The Sun is the center of the universe (heliocentrism) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which of the following best describes the Enlightenment thinker John Locke’s political philosophy?

<p>b) People have natural rights that must be protected by the government, and they have the right to overthrow oppressive rulers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the European Enlightenment?

<p>b) The Enlightenment applied the methods of reason and observation used in the Scientific Revolution to social and political issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thinker is most famous for developing the laws of motion and universal gravitation?

<p>b) Isaac Newton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the foundation of modern capitalism, advocating for free markets and competition as the primary means of economic improvement?

<p>c) Adam Smith (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years’ War, gave which of the following powers to individual European kingdoms or principalities?

<p>a) The right to choose their state religion (Protestant or Catholic) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Protestant Reformation initiated by Martin Luther?

<p>c) The endorsement of the authority of the Catholic pope over all Christians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

  1. Which of the following best describes Wahhabi Islam, as founded by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab?

<p>b) A strict interpretation of Islam that sought to return to &quot;pure&quot; monotheism by rejecting idols and practices like music (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Revolution

A period of profound intellectual and scientific transformation in Europe (16th-18th centuries) marked by new discoveries, experimentation, and challenges to traditional beliefs.

Factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution

Factors included access to knowledge from Islamic and Greek scholars, growth of universities, and increased global trade bringing new discoveries.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses

A list of 95 propositions written by Martin Luther in 1517, criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences for forgiveness of sins.

Salvation by Faith Alone

A central tenet of Protestantism, emphasizing that salvation is achieved through faith in Jesus Christ alone, not through good deeds or paying for indulgences.

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Nicolaus Copernicus's Heliocentric Theory

The theory proposed by Copernicus in 1543 that the Sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth, contradicting the traditional geocentric view.

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John Locke's Political Philosophy

A key Enlightenment thinker who believed that natural rights (life, liberty, property) should be protected by the government, and that people have the right to overthrow oppressive rulers.

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Enlightenment

An intellectual and cultural movement in Europe (18th century) emphasizing reason, individualism, progress, and challenging traditional authority and beliefs.

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Relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

The Scientific Revolution paved the way for the Enlightenment by promoting rational inquiry, critical thinking, and challenging established doctrines.

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Study Notes

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

  • Factors contributing to the Scientific Revolution: Access to knowledge from Islamic scholars and ancient Greek texts, growth of universities promoting experimentation and learning, increased global trade leading to new knowledge from the Americas. Printing presses facilitated the spread of ideas.

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

  • Luther's "95 Theses": Challenged the practice of selling indulgences for salvation. Luther believed salvation was through faith alone, not rituals.

  • Key Protestant Reformation ideas: Rejection of Catholic authority on indulgences, belief salvation is achieved through faith, and emphasizing individual interpretation of the Bible.

Scientific Theories and Figures

  • Copernicus's heliocentric theory: Contradicted the geocentric view of the universe, placing the Sun at the center.

  • Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation: A significant scientific achievement, explaining planetary motion and gravity.

Enlightenment Thinkers and Philosophies

  • John Locke's political philosophy: Advocated for natural rights that governments must protect, including the right to overthrow oppressive rulers.

  • Adam Smith's economic philosophy: Promoted free markets, competition, and laissez-faire economics.

  • Relationship between Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: The Enlightenment utilized the methods of reason and observation from the Scientific Revolution to address social and political issues.

Historical Events

  • Peace of Westphalia (1648): Granted individual European kingdoms/principalities the right to choose their state religion.

Religious Movements

  • Wahhabi Islam: A strict interpretation of Islam that rejected idols and other practices aiming to return to its pure monotheistic form.

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