Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Overview
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Questions and Answers

The Scientific Revolution primarily relied on biblical teachings for knowledge.

False (B)

Galileo invented the microscope, which proved the existence of microorganisms.

False (B)

Enlightenment thinkers advocated for human rights and democratic principles.

True (A)

Mary Wollstonecraft argued against women's rights and equality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The abolition movement began primarily in Britain due to religious beliefs about equality.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zionism emerged as a movement for Jews to seek a homeland in Palestine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enlightenment used scientific ideas to promote racial equality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

American society had a single, dominant class structure comparable to that of Britain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feminism in the 1st wave primarily focused on middle and upper-class women's rights.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-emancipation, former slaves in the United States experienced a significant improvement in their social status.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Seven Years War ended with France defeating Britain and gaining control over American territories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enlightenment concept of 'social contract' suggests people agree to give the king power in exchange for protection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The French Revolution primarily aimed to maintain the existing social hierarchies and the absolute monarchy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maximilien Robespierre is known for his role in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Haitian Revolution is recognized as the only successful slave revolt in world history.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Industrial Revolution began in the United States due to its large population and abundant natural resources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Child labor laws in the 19th century did not include any restrictions on the working hours for children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Meiji Restoration in Japan occurred as a reaction against foreign influence and aimed to modernize the country.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The agricultural revolution led to the enclosure movement, which consolidated communal fields into large, individually owned plots.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women in the working class during the Industrial Revolution were often preferred for jobs due to their perceived lower wage demands.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary goal of the Concert of Europe was to promote future revolutions across the continent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adam Smith's ideas challenged mercantilism and promoted the concept of laissez-faire economics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire were largely successful and led to immediate modernization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social Darwinism supports the idea that the wealthy are naturally superior to the poor.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Revolution

A period in Europe where knowledge was based on evidence and reason, challenging religious authority and established social/political systems, even while sometimes justifying hierarchies.

Heliocentric Theory

The idea that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, and progress, impacting political and social thought.

Rationalism

The belief that human reason is the primary source of knowledge and truth.

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Nationalism

A strong sense of loyalty and devotion to one's nation.

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Abolition Movement

The social and political movement to end slavery, often grounded in moral and religious arguments.

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Feminism (1st Wave)

Early feminist movement advocating for women's rights, including education, employment, and suffrage.

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American Revolution

A revolution in America in which they fought for independence from Great Britain.

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Social Contract Theory

The idea that legitimacy of government depends on the consent of the governed.

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Separation of Powers

A division of governmental authority among different branches (executive, legislative, and judicial).

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Seven Years' War

A war (1756-1763) between Britain and France over land in North America.

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Stamp Act

A British tax on paper documents in the colonies.

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Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophical ideas emphasizing popular sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed, and social contract.

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Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson's document declaring American independence from Britain.

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Absolute Monarchy

A government system where a king or queen has total power, often claiming divine right.

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French Estates

The three social classes in pre-revolutionary France: clergy, nobles, and commoners.

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National Assembly

The group formed by the commoners of France to create laws.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A document proclaiming equality and rights for French men.

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Reign of Terror

Period of violence and executions during the French Revolution.

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Socialism

A political and economic ideology advocating for communal or state control of resources and production.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of major technological and societal changes (1760-1840), beginning in Great Britain, marked by new inventions and mass production.

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Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms in Britain.

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Cottage Industry

A pre-industrial method of production where goods were made in homes, not factories.

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Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production.

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Social Darwinism

The application of evolutionary ideas to society, arguing that wealth and success are a sign of superiority.

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Meiji Restoration

Event in Japan where the emperor regained power and modernized Japan.

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Study Notes

Scientific Revolution

  • Knowledge based on evidence and reason, challenging reliance on religious dogma.
  • Challenged church teachings and authority, impacting social and political systems.
  • Used to justify gender and racial hierarchies.
  • Emergence in Europe due to university autonomy from church interference.
  • The Reformation encouraged challenging authority, contributing to the revolution.
  • Key figures: Copernicus (heliocentric model), Galileo (telescope), Newton (laws of physics).
  • Many scientists were Jesuits; science and faith were compatible for many.
  • The Catholic Church opposed new scientific ideas, leading to conflicts like Galileo's trial.
  • Limited opportunities for women; exclusion from universities.

Enlightenment

  • The universe is rational, governed by natural laws understood through logic.
  • Emphasis on rationalism, human capability for reason.
  • Belief in progress, human capacity to improve society.
  • Advocacy for liberalism, human rights, and limited government (democracy).
  • Key figures: Adam Smith (economics/capitalism), Montesquieu (separation of powers), John Locke (social contract), Voltaire (religious tolerance/freedom of speech).
  • Enlightenment thinkers often did not support feminism.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft championed women's rights.
  • Women's rights movements frequently intertwined with abolitionist movements.
  • Summary: Opposition to monarchy, separation of powers, liberty, individual rights, equality, and capitalism.

Repercussions of Revolution

  • Nationalism:
    • Prioritization of country over individual; focus on national unity.
    • Unification of Italy and Germany; new nations like Greece and Serbia gained independence.
    • Nationalist movements sought independence (Poles, Ukrainians, Zionism).
    • Lola Rodriguez de Tio advocated for Puerto Rican independence.
    • Increased rivalry and competition between countries, leading to conflict.
    • Governments aimed to create shared culture, limiting diversity.
  • Abolition Movement:
    • Originated in Britain; religious and Enlightenment-based justifications for ending slavery.
    • Slave revolts in Haiti and Jamaica.
    • Slavery resisted in the US, Brazil, and Cuba.
    • Freedom did not guarantee equality; former slaves often faced hardship.
    • Economic systems like sharecropping replaced slavery.
  • Feminism:
    • Maternal feminism: women crucial in raising citizens.
    • First-wave feminism (middle/upper-class women).
    • Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Declaration of Rights of Women; advocating for education, employment, and suffrage.
    • Spread globally; examples include Kartini (Indonesia) and Huda Sharawi (Egypt).
    • Feminism sometimes viewed as conflicting with nationalism.

Atlantic Revolutions

  • American Revolution:
    • Less class distinction than Britain; land availability fostered social mobility.
    • Economic opportunities and political autonomy.
    • Reasons for revolution: 7 Years' War, British imposed taxes (Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act).
    • Enlightenment ideas justified revolution (popular sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed).
    • Impact: new government; limited social transformation.
  • French Revolution:
    • Absolute monarchy with divine right.
    • Three estates: clergy, nobles, everyone else (paying 98% of taxes).
    • Bankruptcy, increased taxes, bread riots triggered revolution.
    • Third estate formed the National Assembly, declaring rights of man and citizen.
    • Parisians stormed Bastille prison for weapons.
    • Reign of Terror (Robespierre).
    • Women played a significant role (Women's March, Olympe de Gouges).
    • Napoleon's rise and expansion of revolutionary ideas.
    • Congress of Vienna: restoration of European borders after Napoleon.
  • Haitian Revolution:
    • Complex social structure based on race, class, and gender.
    • Grand blancs (rich whites), petits blancs (poor whites), gens de couleur libres (free people of color), slaves.
    • Revolutions, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, ended slavery and disrupted sugar plantation economies.
    • Only successful slave revolt; inspired other rebellions.
    • Worsened conditions for enslaved people in other regions.
  • Latin American Revolutions:
    • Casta system: racial hierarchy.
    • Tupac Amaru Rebellion: native rebellion.
    • French Revolution weakened European powers, allowing Latin American revolutions to succeed.
    • Mexican and South American revolutions (Bolivar).
    • Nativism: Americanos.

Industrial Revolution

  • Agricultural Revolution:
    • New farming techniques, crops, and tools.
    • Lower food prices, reduced farm labor.
    • Enclosure movement: communal fields to private plots.
  • Industrial Revolution:
    • Originated in Britain due to factors like workforce, resources, banking, and stable government.
    • Enclosure movement provided labor force.
    • 1st Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): textile production, steam engine, cotton gin, spinning jenny.
    • 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): electricity, cars, petroleum.
  • Advancements:
    • Cotton gin, spinning jenny/mule, flying shuttle, advancements in iron to steel (Bessemer process), telegraph, railroads, steamships.
  • Social Classes:
    • Aristocrats lost power; middle class (bourgeoisie) benefited; working class (proletariat) faced hardship.
  • Conditions in Cities:
    • Urbanization led to overcrowding and poor living conditions in tenements.
  • Women:
    • Ideology of domesticity/Cult of True Womanhood limited middle-class women's roles; working-class women faced exploitation in factories.
  • Child Labor:
    • Exploitation of children for labor.
    • Factory Acts and Mines Act aimed to regulate child labor.

Industrial Revolution Spread

  • United States:
    • New technology (interchangeable parts, assembly line).
    • Union development and Progressive reforms.
  • Germany:
    • Middle class challenged aristocracy's power.
  • Russia:
    • No legal unions or political parties.
    • Support for Marxist socialism.
    • State-led industrialization; different from Britain.
  • Industrialization in US, Russia, Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Japan, and China: Various approaches to industrialization, motivations, obstacles, and successful and failed implementations are described.

Reactions to the Industrial Economy

  • Capitalism:
    • Private ownership of means of production.
    • Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (laissez-faire, invisible hand).
  • Socialism/Communism:
    • Communal/state control of production.
    • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' Communist Manifesto.
  • New Political Parties:
    • Labour Party (Britain), Social Democracy Party (Germany).
  • British Reforms:
    • Unions legalized, working conditions and wages improved.
    • Reform Bill (1832): expanded voting rights.
    • Factory Acts and Mines Act addressed child labor.
  • Migration:
    • Population movement from rural to urban areas.
    • Emigration from Europe to colonies.

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Description

Explore the transformative ideas that defined the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. This quiz covers key figures, major themes, and the impacts on society and faith during these pivotal periods in history. Test your knowledge on how evidence and reason challenged traditional beliefs and shaped modern thought.

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