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The Scientific Revolution primarily relied on biblical teachings for knowledge.
The Scientific Revolution primarily relied on biblical teachings for knowledge.
False
Galileo invented the microscope, which proved the existence of microorganisms.
Galileo invented the microscope, which proved the existence of microorganisms.
False
Enlightenment thinkers advocated for human rights and democratic principles.
Enlightenment thinkers advocated for human rights and democratic principles.
True
Mary Wollstonecraft argued against women's rights and equality.
Mary Wollstonecraft argued against women's rights and equality.
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The abolition movement began primarily in Britain due to religious beliefs about equality.
The abolition movement began primarily in Britain due to religious beliefs about equality.
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Zionism emerged as a movement for Jews to seek a homeland in Palestine.
Zionism emerged as a movement for Jews to seek a homeland in Palestine.
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The Enlightenment used scientific ideas to promote racial equality.
The Enlightenment used scientific ideas to promote racial equality.
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American society had a single, dominant class structure comparable to that of Britain.
American society had a single, dominant class structure comparable to that of Britain.
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Feminism in the 1st wave primarily focused on middle and upper-class women's rights.
Feminism in the 1st wave primarily focused on middle and upper-class women's rights.
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Post-emancipation, former slaves in the United States experienced a significant improvement in their social status.
Post-emancipation, former slaves in the United States experienced a significant improvement in their social status.
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The Seven Years War ended with France defeating Britain and gaining control over American territories.
The Seven Years War ended with France defeating Britain and gaining control over American territories.
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The Enlightenment concept of 'social contract' suggests people agree to give the king power in exchange for protection.
The Enlightenment concept of 'social contract' suggests people agree to give the king power in exchange for protection.
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The French Revolution primarily aimed to maintain the existing social hierarchies and the absolute monarchy.
The French Revolution primarily aimed to maintain the existing social hierarchies and the absolute monarchy.
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Maximilien Robespierre is known for his role in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre is known for his role in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.
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The Haitian Revolution is recognized as the only successful slave revolt in world history.
The Haitian Revolution is recognized as the only successful slave revolt in world history.
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The Industrial Revolution began in the United States due to its large population and abundant natural resources.
The Industrial Revolution began in the United States due to its large population and abundant natural resources.
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Child labor laws in the 19th century did not include any restrictions on the working hours for children.
Child labor laws in the 19th century did not include any restrictions on the working hours for children.
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The Meiji Restoration in Japan occurred as a reaction against foreign influence and aimed to modernize the country.
The Meiji Restoration in Japan occurred as a reaction against foreign influence and aimed to modernize the country.
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The agricultural revolution led to the enclosure movement, which consolidated communal fields into large, individually owned plots.
The agricultural revolution led to the enclosure movement, which consolidated communal fields into large, individually owned plots.
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Women in the working class during the Industrial Revolution were often preferred for jobs due to their perceived lower wage demands.
Women in the working class during the Industrial Revolution were often preferred for jobs due to their perceived lower wage demands.
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The primary goal of the Concert of Europe was to promote future revolutions across the continent.
The primary goal of the Concert of Europe was to promote future revolutions across the continent.
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Adam Smith's ideas challenged mercantilism and promoted the concept of laissez-faire economics.
Adam Smith's ideas challenged mercantilism and promoted the concept of laissez-faire economics.
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The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire were largely successful and led to immediate modernization.
The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire were largely successful and led to immediate modernization.
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Social Darwinism supports the idea that the wealthy are naturally superior to the poor.
Social Darwinism supports the idea that the wealthy are naturally superior to the poor.
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Study Notes
Scientific Revolution
- Knowledge based on evidence and reason, challenging reliance on religious dogma.
- Challenged church teachings and authority, impacting social and political systems.
- Used to justify gender and racial hierarchies.
- Emergence in Europe due to university autonomy from church interference.
- The Reformation encouraged challenging authority, contributing to the revolution.
- Key figures: Copernicus (heliocentric model), Galileo (telescope), Newton (laws of physics).
- Many scientists were Jesuits; science and faith were compatible for many.
- The Catholic Church opposed new scientific ideas, leading to conflicts like Galileo's trial.
- Limited opportunities for women; exclusion from universities.
Enlightenment
- The universe is rational, governed by natural laws understood through logic.
- Emphasis on rationalism, human capability for reason.
- Belief in progress, human capacity to improve society.
- Advocacy for liberalism, human rights, and limited government (democracy).
- Key figures: Adam Smith (economics/capitalism), Montesquieu (separation of powers), John Locke (social contract), Voltaire (religious tolerance/freedom of speech).
- Enlightenment thinkers often did not support feminism.
- Mary Wollstonecraft championed women's rights.
- Women's rights movements frequently intertwined with abolitionist movements.
- Summary: Opposition to monarchy, separation of powers, liberty, individual rights, equality, and capitalism.
Repercussions of Revolution
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Nationalism:
- Prioritization of country over individual; focus on national unity.
- Unification of Italy and Germany; new nations like Greece and Serbia gained independence.
- Nationalist movements sought independence (Poles, Ukrainians, Zionism).
- Lola Rodriguez de Tio advocated for Puerto Rican independence.
- Increased rivalry and competition between countries, leading to conflict.
- Governments aimed to create shared culture, limiting diversity.
-
Abolition Movement:
- Originated in Britain; religious and Enlightenment-based justifications for ending slavery.
- Slave revolts in Haiti and Jamaica.
- Slavery resisted in the US, Brazil, and Cuba.
- Freedom did not guarantee equality; former slaves often faced hardship.
- Economic systems like sharecropping replaced slavery.
-
Feminism:
- Maternal feminism: women crucial in raising citizens.
- First-wave feminism (middle/upper-class women).
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Declaration of Rights of Women; advocating for education, employment, and suffrage.
- Spread globally; examples include Kartini (Indonesia) and Huda Sharawi (Egypt).
- Feminism sometimes viewed as conflicting with nationalism.
Atlantic Revolutions
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American Revolution:
- Less class distinction than Britain; land availability fostered social mobility.
- Economic opportunities and political autonomy.
- Reasons for revolution: 7 Years' War, British imposed taxes (Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act).
- Enlightenment ideas justified revolution (popular sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed).
- Impact: new government; limited social transformation.
-
French Revolution:
- Absolute monarchy with divine right.
- Three estates: clergy, nobles, everyone else (paying 98% of taxes).
- Bankruptcy, increased taxes, bread riots triggered revolution.
- Third estate formed the National Assembly, declaring rights of man and citizen.
- Parisians stormed Bastille prison for weapons.
- Reign of Terror (Robespierre).
- Women played a significant role (Women's March, Olympe de Gouges).
- Napoleon's rise and expansion of revolutionary ideas.
- Congress of Vienna: restoration of European borders after Napoleon.
-
Haitian Revolution:
- Complex social structure based on race, class, and gender.
- Grand blancs (rich whites), petits blancs (poor whites), gens de couleur libres (free people of color), slaves.
- Revolutions, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, ended slavery and disrupted sugar plantation economies.
- Only successful slave revolt; inspired other rebellions.
- Worsened conditions for enslaved people in other regions.
-
Latin American Revolutions:
- Casta system: racial hierarchy.
- Tupac Amaru Rebellion: native rebellion.
- French Revolution weakened European powers, allowing Latin American revolutions to succeed.
- Mexican and South American revolutions (Bolivar).
- Nativism: Americanos.
Industrial Revolution
-
Agricultural Revolution:
- New farming techniques, crops, and tools.
- Lower food prices, reduced farm labor.
- Enclosure movement: communal fields to private plots.
-
Industrial Revolution:
- Originated in Britain due to factors like workforce, resources, banking, and stable government.
- Enclosure movement provided labor force.
- 1st Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): textile production, steam engine, cotton gin, spinning jenny.
- 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): electricity, cars, petroleum.
-
Advancements:
- Cotton gin, spinning jenny/mule, flying shuttle, advancements in iron to steel (Bessemer process), telegraph, railroads, steamships.
-
Social Classes:
- Aristocrats lost power; middle class (bourgeoisie) benefited; working class (proletariat) faced hardship.
-
Conditions in Cities:
- Urbanization led to overcrowding and poor living conditions in tenements.
-
Women:
- Ideology of domesticity/Cult of True Womanhood limited middle-class women's roles; working-class women faced exploitation in factories.
-
Child Labor:
- Exploitation of children for labor.
- Factory Acts and Mines Act aimed to regulate child labor.
Industrial Revolution Spread
-
United States:
- New technology (interchangeable parts, assembly line).
- Union development and Progressive reforms.
-
Germany:
- Middle class challenged aristocracy's power.
-
Russia:
- No legal unions or political parties.
- Support for Marxist socialism.
- State-led industrialization; different from Britain.
- Industrialization in US, Russia, Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Japan, and China: Various approaches to industrialization, motivations, obstacles, and successful and failed implementations are described.
Reactions to the Industrial Economy
-
Capitalism:
- Private ownership of means of production.
- Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (laissez-faire, invisible hand).
-
Socialism/Communism:
- Communal/state control of production.
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' Communist Manifesto.
-
New Political Parties:
- Labour Party (Britain), Social Democracy Party (Germany).
-
British Reforms:
- Unions legalized, working conditions and wages improved.
- Reform Bill (1832): expanded voting rights.
- Factory Acts and Mines Act addressed child labor.
-
Migration:
- Population movement from rural to urban areas.
- Emigration from Europe to colonies.
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Description
Explore the transformative ideas that defined the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. This quiz covers key figures, major themes, and the impacts on society and faith during these pivotal periods in history. Test your knowledge on how evidence and reason challenged traditional beliefs and shaped modern thought.
