Scientific Research Articles Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a scientific research article?

  • A conclusion section that summarizes main ideas of the study (correct)
  • Introduction providing background information
  • A detailed methodology section allowing replication
  • A discussion section interpreting results and relating them to earlier works

What is the primary purpose of a 'methods' section in a scientific research article?

  • To explain the significance of the findings
  • To provide enough detail so that other researchers can repeat the experiment (correct)
  • To outline the research aims and hypothesis
  • To summarize the main ideas and findings of the article

Which of the following best describes the 'discussion' section of a research article?

  • An interpretation of the results, relating to previous research and stating the author's opinion about its significance. (correct)
  • A summary of the findings without any interpretation
  • A detailed explanation of the methods used in the study
  • An overview of the background and context of the study

A literature review is best described as:

<p>An article that combines information from multiple sources on a specific topic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a mechanistic explanation of a physiological function?

<p>Defining the process as an effect from a specific cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a 'results' section in a scientific paper?

<p>To state what was observed with little or no explanation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a literature review and a research article?

<p>A literature review combines information from multiple sources, a research article reports original research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization encompasses groups of cells with similar structures and specialized functions?

<p>Tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nervous tissue?

<p>Initiating and transmitting electrical impulses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you need to access scientific journal articles through the WMU library, which link is most appropriate?

<p><a href="https://wmich.edu/library">https://wmich.edu/library</a> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a basic function of cells?

<p>Directly controlling the external environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a source for finding information on physiology?

<p>WebMD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle tissue is primarily associated with which function?

<p>Pumping blood out of the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of skeletal muscle?

<p>It is characterized by its ability to contract and generate force for skeletal movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a teleological explanation of why we have lungs?

<p>The purpose of lungs is to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide, to meet the body's needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between nerve cells and many other cell types regarding reproduction?

<p>Nerve cells lose their ability to reproduce during their early development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue type found in the human body?

<p>Skeletal tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is characterized by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material?

<p>Connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>To provide a watery environment for cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system that directly contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis?

<p>Breaking down food into smaller molecules and transferring water/electrolytes from the external environment to the internal environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following body systems is MOST directly responsible for removing excess acid from the body?

<p>Urinary system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body system serves as a store for calcium, as a key component of the skeletal system?

<p>Skeletal system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary role of the integumentary system in maintaining homeostasis?

<p>Regulating body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the mechanism of a negative feedback system?

<p>It opposes the initial change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback system?

<p>Uterine contractions during childbirth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sensor in a negative feedback control system?

<p>To monitor the magnitude of a controlled variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'feedforward' in the context of homeostatic control systems?

<p>Responses made in anticipation of a change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of mass balance?

<p>The mass of any one element is always constant before and after a chemical reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatically regulated factor?

<p>Hair color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes an intrinsic control system?

<p>Local controls that are inherent in an organ. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems?

<p>The nervous system generally effects quick responses while the endocrine system takes longer, but effects last longer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sources of Physiology Information

Information sources like websites and scholarly articles that may provide detailed knowledge about human physiology.

Scientific Report

A scientific report or research article is a published report based on experimental findings and observations. It is written by a research team that conducted the study.

Parts of a Research Article

A research article should include an introduction, a methods section, a results section, and a discussion section.

Introduction

An introduction in a research article provides context for the research. It also states the hypothesis or aim.

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Methods Section

The methods section details the materials and procedures used in the study.

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Results Section

The results section presents the data obtained from the study, without interpretation.

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Discussion Section

The discussion section interprets the results, compares them with other studies, and highlights their significance.

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Reading Research Articles

When reading a research article, focus on the purpose, appropriateness of methods, interpretation of results, and significance of findings.

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What is physiology?

The study of how the body functions.

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What is the teleological approach?

Focuses on explaining body functions by their purpose, like meeting a bodily need.

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What is the mechanistic approach?

Focuses on explaining body functions through cause-and-effect sequences, like how specific processes work.

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What is anatomy?

The study of the body's structure.

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What is a cell?

The basic unit of life.

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What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

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What is an organ?

A structure made of different tissues that work together for a common purpose.

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What is a body system?

A group of organs that work together to perform a major bodily function.

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Epithelial tissue

Cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment, forming sheets or glands.

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Tissue

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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Organ

Composed of two or more types of tissues working together to perform a particular function.

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Connective tissue

Connective tissue connects, supports, and anchors various body parts.

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Body Systems

Groups of organs that interact to perform a common activity, essential for survival of the whole body.

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, essential for survival and proper function.

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Extracellular fluid (ECF)

The fluid environment surrounding cells, composed of plasma and interstitial fluid.

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

The fluid contained within all body cells.

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Homeostatic regulation

The process of regulating the concentration of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, pH, water, electrolytes, volume, pressure, and temperature in the internal environment.

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Intrinsic controls

Local control mechanisms that are inherent within an organ.

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Extrinsic controls

Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ, typically by the nervous or endocrine systems.

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Feedforward

Response made in anticipation of a change, like preparing for a storm before it hits.

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Feedback

A response made after a change has been detected, like adjusting the thermostat when it's too hot or too cold.

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Negative feedback

A primary type of homeostatic control that opposes an initial change, maintaining balance.

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Positive feedback

A type of feedback that amplifies an initial change, like labor contractions during childbirth.

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Study Notes

Human Physiology Lecture 1

  • Instructor: John Spitsbergen
  • Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences
  • Location: 3933 Wood Hall
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Phone: 387-5648

Objectives

  • Review syllabus
  • Learn methods to find information
  • Introduction to human physiology

Sources of Information

Searching for Scientific Articles

  • Google Scholar (scholar.google.com)
  • WMU Library (wmich.edu/library)
  • Access to Medline Plus and other databases
  • Interlibrary loan (ILL) available

Main Types of Publications

  • Reviews: Combines information from many sources on a topic
  • Case Study: Short report on a single individual's medical finding
  • Scientific Report/Research Article: Report of recent research findings by a team

Research Articles

  • Goal: Enable students to find and read articles on human physiology
  • Components:
    • Introduction: Provides context and background, including hypothesis/aims.
    • Methods: Describes materials and methods for others to repeat research.
    • Results: Presents observations with minimal interpretation.
    • Discussion: Discusses findings compared to previous studies.

What to Think When Reading Papers

  • Authors' purpose (hypothesis/aims)
  • Appropriateness of methods
  • Whether conclusions align with the results presented.

Introduction to Human Physiology

  • Physiology: Study of body functions
  • Two processes explaining body functions:
    • Teleological: Explains functions in terms of meeting bodily needs.
    • Mechanistic: Explains functions in terms of cause-and-effect sequences.
  • Body viewed as a machine.

Anatomy

  • Study of body structure
  • Physiological mechanisms arise from structural design
  • Structure-function relationships:
    • Examples: Heart pumping blood, teeth tearing and grinding food

Functional Organization of the Body

  • Levels of organization (smallest to largest):
    • Chemical (atoms, molecules)
    • Cellular (basic unit of life)
    • Tissue (groups of similar cells)
    • Organ (combination of tissues)
    • Body system (group of organs with similar function)
    • Organism (whole body)

Basic Cell Functions

  • Obtain nutrients and oxygen
  • Perform chemical reactions for energy
  • Eliminate wastes
  • Synthesize cellular components
  • Control material exchange between cells and environment
  • Respond to changes in the environment
  • Reproduce (with exceptions of some cells)

Tissues

  • Groups of cells with similar structure and function
  • Four primary types: Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective

Muscle Tissue

  • Specialized for contraction and generating force
  • Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Nervous Tissue

  • Specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses
  • Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves, and peripheral tissues

Epithelial Tissue

  • Specialized for exchanging materials between cells and the environment
  • Organized into two general structures: Epithelial sheets, Secretory glands.

Connective Tissue

  • Connects, supports, and anchors body parts.
  • Distinguishes by having relatively few cells and an abundance of extracellular material.
  • Examples: Tendons, Bones, Blood

Organs

  • Consist of two or more tissue types
  • Function collectively
  • Example: Stomach (epithelial lining, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, connective tissue)

Body Systems

  • Groups of organs that perform related functions
  • Human body has 11 systems
  • Examples: Circulatory, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Skeletal, Muscular, Integumentary, Immune, Nervous, Endocrine, Reproductive

Homeostasis

  • Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.
  • Essential for survival of body cells
  • Regulated by various systems
  • Factors regulated include nutrient and waste concentrations, O2 and CO2, water, electrolytes, pH, volume, and pressure, temperature

Homeostatic Control Systems

  • Intrinsic: Local controls within organs
  • Extrinsic: Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
    • Nervous system
    • Endocrine system

Feedback System (Examples)

  • Feedforward: Responses anticipating a change.
  • Feedback: Responses after detecting a change.
    • Negative feedback: Opposes change (maintaining equilibrium) Example: blood pressure
    • Positive feedback: Amplifies change (reaching a peak). Example: Uterine contractions during childbirth

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