Scientific Method: Elastic Band Investigation

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Questions and Answers

How do you calculate the number of electrons in a charged ion?

Number of electrons = Number of protons - Charge

What is the atomic symbol and charge for magnesium in its ionic form?

Mg+2

How many neutrons does a fluorine atom with an atomic mass of 19 and 9 protons have?

How many protons and electrons does a fluorine anion (F-) have?

9 protons and 10 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion is formed when an atom loses electrons?

Cation Signup and view all the answers

What is a star?

A giant ball of hot, glowing gas that produces its own light and heat. Signup and view all the answers

What causes the different moon phases?

The changing angle of light from the sun as seen from Earth. Signup and view all the answers

What are sunspots?

Dark, cooler areas on the sun's surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflecting telescope?

A telescope that uses a curved mirror to focus light. Signup and view all the answers

How does a solar flare occur?

A sudden release of energy from the sun's surface. Signup and view all the answers

Is melting ice an example of a physical change or a chemical change?

Physical Change Signup and view all the answers

What type of matter is oxygen described as?

A colorless gas Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space?

Matter Signup and view all the answers

What is a proper format for a scientific investigative question?

What is the effect of increasing/decreasing the [independent variable] on the [dependent variable]? Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the amount of air going into the trumpet?

The pitch it makes. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the independent variable in the question: 'What is the effect of light intensity on pupil size?'

Light intensity Signup and view all the answers

Identify three controlled variables for the experiment: 'What is the effect of light intensity on pupil size?'

Distance from the light source, Time of day, Age of the subject Signup and view all the answers

For the question 'What is the effect of increased driving speed on gasoline consumption?', what are some controlled variables?

Type of vehicle, Road conditions, Amount of cargo being carried Signup and view all the answers

Identify the dependent variable in: 'What is the effect of increasing the frequency of teeth brushing on the amount of plaque buildup?'

Amount of plaque buildup Signup and view all the answers

In Jim's experiment, what was the control group?

Plants that were not exposed to red light Signup and view all the answers

What should Jim's conclusion be based on his experiment's results?

Jim's conclusion should be that red light does not necessarily cause plants to grow faster than plants that are not exposed to red light. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what happens during the Interphase stage of mitosis.

The nucleus is present, centrioles are formed, and DNA is replicated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main event that occurs during the Metaphase stage of mitosis?

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Signup and view all the answers

What are the significant changes that happen to the cell during Anaphase?

Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell, and the cell starts to elongate. Signup and view all the answers

List one primary difference between mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically different daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main points of the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are two forms of asexual reproduction?

Binary fission and budding Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the nucleus in a cell?

Nuclear membrane Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen atoms are there in 4Al₂(CO₃)₃?

36 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of chlorine atoms in 3BaCl₂?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Describe the cytoplasm in a cell.

Jelly-like fluid inside the cell Signup and view all the answers

List the 3 laws of electric charges.

<ol> <li>Opposite charges attract. 2. Like charges repel. 3. Charged objects can be attracted to neutral objects.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane's primary function in a cell?

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between static and current electricity.

Static electricity is the accumulation of electrical charges on a surface, while current electricity is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Signup and view all the answers

Determine the resistance of a circuit when a 120 V circuit has a current of 12 A.

10 ohms Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the current of a circuit with a voltage of 12 V and a resistance of 36 ohms.

0.33 A Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

The vas deferens transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. Signup and view all the answers

Where is sperm stored before ejaculation in the male reproductive system?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

Which organ in the female reproductive system is responsible for housing a developing fetus?

Uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?

The prostate gland produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the female reproductive system is the site of fertilization?

Fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the time taken by the car to travel 10 meters?

21 seconds Signup and view all the answers

How far does the car travel in 29 seconds?

22.7 meters Signup and view all the answers

What distance does the car travel in the first 8 seconds?

4 meters Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall slope of the graph?

0.76 Signup and view all the answers

What symbol is represented by letter F in the graph symbols?

Biohazard Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype for the genotype TT in cats, given that bobtail is recessive?

Normal tail Signup and view all the answers

If a plant displays the Pp genotype, what color will its flowers be, given that purple is dominant?

Purple flowers Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype for the genotype Hh in humans, considering hairy knuckles are dominant?

Hairy knuckles Signup and view all the answers

Describe the genotype of an individual with homozygous recessive traits for bobtail in cats.

tt Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible genotypes of offspring if a female dog (Ff) mates with a pure recessive male dog (ff) for fur color?

Ff and ff Signup and view all the answers

In fruit flies, what phenotype will result from a genotype of Ee if red eyes are dominant?

Red eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is the percent of possible phenotype for grey fur in the offspring of a hybrid dominant female dog and a pure recessive male dog?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype outcome for the genotype HH in humans if hairy knuckles are dominant?

Hairy knuckles Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy consumption of a stove that has a consumption rating of 1.2 kW and is used for 14 hours?

16.8 kWh Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the energy consumption of a TV that uses 0.3 kW for 30 hours in one week.

9 kWh Signup and view all the answers

What is the cost of using a vacuum for 3 hours with a consumption rating of 3.2 kW if the power rate is $0.097 per kWh?

$0.93 Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficiency of a refrigerator that consumes 100 J of energy every hour and uses only 13 J to cool?

13% Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit component is represented by a '---' symbol?

Connecting lead Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit component allows current to flow only in one direction, and is represented as 'Light emitting diode (led)'?

LED Signup and view all the answers

What does a cell symbol in a circuit diagram represent?

A single electrochemical cell, like a battery Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol represents a variable resistor in a circuit diagram?

A resistor symbol with an arrow through it Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method

A scientific investigative question should be in the format: "What is the effect of increasing/decreasing the [variable] on the [outcome]?"
Examples of scientific questions:
- What is the effect of increasing the amount you stretch a rubber band on the amount it stretches the next time you stretch it?
- What is the effect of increasing the amount of air going into the trumpet on the pitch it makes?
- What is the effect of decreasing the amount of wicks lit on the seed that the candle melts?

Variables

Independent variables (IV): factors that are intentionally changed by the experimenter
Dependent variables (DV): factors that are measured in response to the independent variable
Controlled variables (CV): factors that are kept constant to ensure a fair test
Examples of variables:
- IV: light intensity, driving speed, frequency of teeth brushing
- DV: pupil size, gasoline consumption, amount of plaque buildup
- CV: distance from the light source, type of vehicle, brand of toothpaste

Experimentation

Jim's experiment: growing plants with and without red light to test the effect of red light on plant growth
Control group: plants not exposed to red light
Independent variable: red light
Dependent variable: plant height
Conclusion: red light does not necessarily cause plants to grow faster, but a larger sample size may be needed to draw a reliable conclusion

Science 9

Astronomy

Definitions:
- Satellite: a celestial object that orbits a planet or star
- Moon phase: the different shapes of the moon as seen from Earth, caused by the changing angle of light from the sun
- Star: a giant ball of hot, glowing gas that produces its own light and heat
- Sunspots: dark, cooler areas on the sun's surface
- Solar prominence: a large, bright loop of gas that extends outward from the sun's surface
- Solar flare: a sudden release of energy from the sun's surface
- Magnitude: a measure of the brightness of a star or other celestial object
- Light spectra: the pattern of colors produced when light is separated by a prism
- Reflecting telescope: a telescope that uses a curved mirror to focus light
- Refracting telescope: a telescope that uses a curved lens to focus light

Matter

Definition: anything that has mass and takes up space
Examples of matter: solid, liquid, gas

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical changes: changes in state or form, but not in composition
- Examples: ice melting, chopping a carrot
Chemical changes: changes in composition, resulting in a new substance
- Examples: burning a match, frying an egg

Elements

Charged elements: elements with a positive or negative charge
- Examples: Magnesium (Mg+2), Cesium ( Cs+)
Bohr model: a representation of an atom's structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Examples: Neon, Magnesium, Fluorine

Compounds

Coefficients and subscripts: numbers used to describe the number of atoms in a compound
- Examples: Na₂CO₃, 3BaCl₂, 4Al₂(CO₃)₃

Electric Charges

Laws of electric charges:
- Like charges repel each other
- Opposite charges attract each other
- Charged objects attract neutral objects
Examples of electric charges:
- Balloons: like charges repel, opposite charges attract

Electricity

Voltage, resistance, and current: related by the formula V = R x I
Examples of electricity:
- Calculating voltage: V = 3 x 30 = 90
- Calculating current: I = 12 / 36 = 0.33

Mitosis

Stages of mitosis:
- Interphase: DNA replication, nucleus, centrioles
- Prophase: centrioles, chromosomes
- Metaphase: spindle fibers, metaphase plate
- Anaphase: chromosomes, cell elongation
- Telophase: nuclear reformation
- Cytokinesis: cell division

Cell Theory

Three points of the cell theory:
- All living things are made up of cells
- Cells are the basic units of life
- All cells come from pre-existing cells

Genetics

Genotypes and phenotypes:
- Genotype: genetic makeup
- Phenotype: physical characteristic
Examples of genetics:
- Purple flowers: Pp (hybrid dominant)
- Hairy knuckles: HH (pure dominant), Hh (hybrid dominant)
- Bobtail in cats: tt (pure recessive)

Genetics Problems

Punnett squares:
- Example: dogs with grey and black fur
- Percent of possible genotypes and phenotypes
Genotypes and phenotypes:
- Example: fruit flies with red and white eyes
- Percent of possible genotypes and phenotypes

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Description

Practice creating investigatory questions for a scientific experiment involving elastic bands. Learn to formulate questions in the proper format, exploring the effects of stretching on rubber bands.