Scientific Method and Variables Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the fear babies typically experience towards social events like strangers and separation from their caregiver between the ages of 9-14 months?

Transitional Fear

Social Withdrawal

Social Phobia

Separation Anxiety (correct)

Which term describes the process where children quickly learn new words and categorize them based on perceived meanings?

Language Acquisition

Fast Mapping (correct)

Cognitive Development

Imitation

What does the amygdala primarily register in the brain?

Emotions, especially fear and anxiety (correct)

Physical coordination

Memory processing

Language processing

What is the term for the application of grammatical rules too broadly by children, such as adding 's' to all nouns?

Overregulation Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the scaffolded support provided to learners tailored to their needs in order to help them master new tasks?

Scaffolding Signup and view all the answers

What term describes when children learn that objects still exist even when they are out of sight?

Object Permanence Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a child uses a newly learned word to describe multiple objects within the same category?

Logical Extension Signup and view all the answers

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to in the context of learning?

A range where learners can achieve with guidance Signup and view all the answers

At what age is it common for a child to grab an object but close their hands too early or too late?

4 months Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism, according to Skinner, contributes to a baby's vocabulary of a dozen words by age 10 months?

Operant conditioning through positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rapid increase in vocabulary often experienced by young children?

Word spurt Signup and view all the answers

What is the child's primary task during the sensorimotor stage?

Understanding object permanence Signup and view all the answers

In which sensorimotor stage is a child likely to experiment by putting objects into other objects?

Stage 5 Signup and view all the answers

What does lateralization refer to in the context of brain development?

One hemisphere becoming more effective than the other Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment is characterized by a child feeling comfortable exploring their environment when their caregiver is present?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the ability to regulate one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors?

Self-control Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically grasp the concept of conservation, according to Piaget?

6 or 7 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is NOT an example of fine motor skills?

Running on a playground Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is most likely exhibited by a 3-year-old who is repeatedly reminded to sit still?

Displaying normal lack of impulse control Signup and view all the answers

Which gross motor skill typically develops Last during the first two years of life?

Walking backward Signup and view all the answers

What is stranger anxiety primarily characterized by?

Fear of unfamiliar people Signup and view all the answers

At what age does separation anxiety typically start to intensify?

2 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Strange Situation procedure?

To assess attachment and stress reactions in a child Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the social smile typically begin to manifest?

6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What describes a dependent variable?

A variable that may change due to the independent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Beginning with curiosity and asking questions. Signup and view all the answers

Which period is characterized as a time when something must occur for normal development?

Critical period. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of empirical evidence in the context of a hypothesis?

Information gathered through observation or experiments. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?

Longitudinal studies collect data at different ages of the same individual. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after drawing conclusions in the scientific method?

Report the results and suggest further research. Signup and view all the answers

How is a result different from a conclusion in a scientific study?

Result is the overall consequence while conclusions analyze data related to hypotheses. Signup and view all the answers

When is language development considered to occur in the late-sensitive period?

Between ages 1-3. Signup and view all the answers

What does secure attachment indicate about an infant's relationship with their caregiver?

The infant feels confident in the presence of their caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of temperament, which of the following is true?

Temperament can be measured through typical responses to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What change in the brain is associated with quick thinking during games like goldfish?

Myelination of axons. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment in infants?

Infants demonstrate anxiety and uncertainty regarding contact. Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosexual stage, according to Freud, is the anus a focus of pleasurable sensations?

Anal Stage Signup and view all the answers

At what psychosocial stage, according to Erikson, do children learn to be self-sufficient?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of insecure avoidant attachment in infants?

The infant avoids seeking contact with the caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome if a child fails to develop trust during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

A strong sense of self-confidence. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dependent vs Independent Variables

Dependent variable: Changes based on the independent variable, the manipulated condition.
Independent variable: The manipulated condition that doesn't rely on other variables.

Scientific Method Steps

Curiosity: Question asking, theory generation, research, observations.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction that can be verified.
Testing a hypothesis: Designing a study and gathering empirical evidence through experiments, groups, etc.
Drawing conclusions: Using collected evidence to support or refute the hypothesis, considering alternative interpretations, unexpected results, and potential bias.
Reporting results and replication: Sharing data, conclusions, and limitations. Suggesting further research through replication.

Prenatal Development Periods

Early - Critical: A time when specific development MUST occur for normal development. A missed development can lead to abnormalities.
- Example: Humans grow arms/legs, hands/feet, and fingers/toes between 28-54 days after conception.
Late - Sensitive: Development can occur at a specific time, but it can still happen later with potential impairments.
- Example: Language development between ages 1-3, but can still develop later, possibly with grammatical challenges.

Conclusion, Result, Empirical Evidence Hypothesis

Conclusion: Analysis of data compared to the hypothesis, determining the outcome, similar to a judgment based on evidence.
Result: The overall consequence or effect of a study.
Empirical Evidence Hypothesis: Information gathered through observation or experiments used to support or disprove a hypothesis. A crucial component in proving or disproving a hypothesis within the scientific method.

Case Study Types

Longitudinal: Repeatedly collecting data on the same individual as they age.
- Example: Studying yourself throughout different ages.
Cross-sectional: Comparing groups of people of one age to groups of people of another age.
- Gathering data from different age groups.

Sensorimotor Stage Development

Object permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even out of sight, developing during the sensorimotor stage.
Sensorimotor stage 5: Children are like scientists, experimenting with objects, seen in behaviors like a child placing stuffed animals in a toilet.

Lateralization

Lateralization: The concept that both sides of the brain have different functions and specialize in specific tasks.

Gross Motor Skills

Gross Motor Skills: Large body movements developing during the first two years of life. Includes actions like sitting unsupported, standing, crawling, walking well, running, and jumping.

Fine Motor Skills

Fine Motor Skills: Physical abilities involving small movements, especially with hands and fingers. Examples include drawing, grasping a rattle, and stacking blocks.

Limbic System Development

Limbic system development: Growth and maturation of the limbic system. It plays a vital role in emotional responses and memory formation.

Secure Attachment

Secure attachment: Feel comfortable and confident with the caregiver as a "base for exploration," providing assurance and enabling discovery. Departure causes stress.
- Example: A child confidently exploring a room while the caregiver is present, but may be upset when the caregiver leaves.

Self-Awareness & Self-Control

Self-awareness: Recognizing oneself as a distinct individual with separate thoughts, feelings, and actions from others.
Self-control: Regulating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, often to achieve goals and resist temptations.

Attachment Types

Secure attachment (B): Infant feels safe and secure with the caregiver, providing confidence and exploring the environment.
Insecure avoidant (A): Infant avoids connection with the caregiver, likely due to less close relationships with parents.
Insecure-resistant/ambivalent (C): Infant exhibits anxiety and uncertainty, seeking closeness but getting upset with distance, then being angry at the return.
Disorganized (D): Infant displays inconsistent reactions to the caregiver, sometimes liking them, sometimes hating them.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The intellectual space where new skills and concepts can be learned, including those close to mastery but needing guidance.
Fast mapping: The rapid acquisition of new words to enhance a child's vocabulary learning and adaptation abilities.

Amygdala

Amygdala: A small brain structure that registers emotions, especially fear and anxiety. Increased activity can lead to frightening dreams or sudden terrors.

Overregulation, Logical Extension, & Fast Mapping

Overregulation: Applying grammar rules even when exceptions exist, creating a more "regularized" language.
- Example: Overusing the "s" ending for plurals.
Logical Extension: Using new words to describe other objects within that category after learning a new word.
- Example: A child calling a Dalmatian a "Dalmatian cow" after learning about Dalmatian dogs.
Fast Mapping: Quickly learning new words by placing them in mental categories based on perceived meaning, often with some inaccuracies.

Scaffolding, Object Permanence, & Conservation

Scaffolding: Providing temporary support tailored to a learner's needs and abilities, helping them master the next step in learning.
Object Permanence: Infants understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Conservation: Ability to understand that a quantity remains the same even if the shape or arrangement changes.

Theories of Language Development

Skinner: Believes infants need to be taught through repetition and that social interaction fosters language development.
Piaget: Emphasizes the child's own exploration and understanding of concepts, with language development being a byproduct of cognitive development.
Vygotsky: Highlights the importance of social interaction and collaboration, emphasizing the role of cultural tools and scaffolding from others in mastering language.

Cognitive Processing Speed

Myelination of axons: The process of coating nerve fibers with a fatty substance, enabling faster transmission of signals, improving cognitive processing speed and quick thinking.

Temperament

Temperament: Innate differences in individuals' emotions, activity levels, and self-regulation, influencing responses to the environment.

Stranger anxiety: Fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move close.
Fear of the unknown: Anxiety or discomfort when in unfamiliar or unpredictable situations.
Separation anxiety: Fear or worry of being separated from a nurturing figure.
Uncertainty check-in/ing?: - This term seems to be missing some context and needs further clarification.
Social referencing: Seeking emotional responses or information from others, using their expressions and reactions as a social reference.

Social smile: A smile evoked by a human face typically appearing at 6 weeks of age.

Strange Situation

Strange Situation: A lab procedure measuring attachment in 1-year olds, assessing their reaction to stress with or without the caregiver. Observing playroom interactions, caregiver departures, and stranger arrivals. Reactions are categorized as A, B, C, or D attachment types.
- Key factors: Exploring toys, reactions to caregiver's departure and return.
- Secure attachment (B): Noticeable departure and signs of missing the caregiver (pausing play, worried expression).

Fine Motor Skills Examples

Examples of fine motor skills: Using a pencil to write, using scissors to cut, using colors to draw a picture.

Gross Motor Skills Examples

Gross motor skills develop in the first two years, including: Sitting unsupported, standing, holding on, crawling, creeping, walking well, walking backwards, running, jumping up.

Impulse Control

Lack of impulse control: Seen in young children, where they have difficulty controlling their actions and behavior, requiring repeated reminders.

Erikson & Freud Stages:

Birth-1 year (Oral Stage): Focus on pleasurable sensations through the mouth, lips, tongue, and gums. Relates to Trust vs. Mistrust, where babies either develop trust in others meeting their basic needs or develop mistrust.
1-3 years (Anal Stage): Focus on pleasurable sensations through the anus, emphasizing toilet training. Relates to Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, where children either become independent in activities (toileting, feeding, walking, etc.) or doubt their abilities.
3-6 years (Phallic Stage): Freud's theory. Relates to Initiative vs. Guilt in Erikson's theory.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the scientific method, dependent and independent variables, and the prenatal development periods. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these essential concepts in science and psychology. Explore how these elements are interrelated in the context of research and development.