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What is the term for the fear babies typically experience towards social events like strangers and separation from their caregiver between the ages of 9-14 months?
What is the term for the fear babies typically experience towards social events like strangers and separation from their caregiver between the ages of 9-14 months?
Which term describes the process where children quickly learn new words and categorize them based on perceived meanings?
Which term describes the process where children quickly learn new words and categorize them based on perceived meanings?
What does the amygdala primarily register in the brain?
What does the amygdala primarily register in the brain?
What is the term for the application of grammatical rules too broadly by children, such as adding 's' to all nouns?
What is the term for the application of grammatical rules too broadly by children, such as adding 's' to all nouns?
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Which concept refers to the scaffolded support provided to learners tailored to their needs in order to help them master new tasks?
Which concept refers to the scaffolded support provided to learners tailored to their needs in order to help them master new tasks?
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What term describes when children learn that objects still exist even when they are out of sight?
What term describes when children learn that objects still exist even when they are out of sight?
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What is the process called when a child uses a newly learned word to describe multiple objects within the same category?
What is the process called when a child uses a newly learned word to describe multiple objects within the same category?
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What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to in the context of learning?
What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to in the context of learning?
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At what age is it common for a child to grab an object but close their hands too early or too late?
At what age is it common for a child to grab an object but close their hands too early or too late?
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What mechanism, according to Skinner, contributes to a baby's vocabulary of a dozen words by age 10 months?
What mechanism, according to Skinner, contributes to a baby's vocabulary of a dozen words by age 10 months?
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What is the term for the rapid increase in vocabulary often experienced by young children?
What is the term for the rapid increase in vocabulary often experienced by young children?
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What is the child's primary task during the sensorimotor stage?
What is the child's primary task during the sensorimotor stage?
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In which sensorimotor stage is a child likely to experiment by putting objects into other objects?
In which sensorimotor stage is a child likely to experiment by putting objects into other objects?
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What does lateralization refer to in the context of brain development?
What does lateralization refer to in the context of brain development?
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What type of attachment is characterized by a child feeling comfortable exploring their environment when their caregiver is present?
What type of attachment is characterized by a child feeling comfortable exploring their environment when their caregiver is present?
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What is described as the ability to regulate one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors?
What is described as the ability to regulate one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors?
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At what age do children typically grasp the concept of conservation, according to Piaget?
At what age do children typically grasp the concept of conservation, according to Piaget?
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Which of the following activities is NOT an example of fine motor skills?
Which of the following activities is NOT an example of fine motor skills?
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What behavior is most likely exhibited by a 3-year-old who is repeatedly reminded to sit still?
What behavior is most likely exhibited by a 3-year-old who is repeatedly reminded to sit still?
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Which gross motor skill typically develops Last during the first two years of life?
Which gross motor skill typically develops Last during the first two years of life?
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What is stranger anxiety primarily characterized by?
What is stranger anxiety primarily characterized by?
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At what age does separation anxiety typically start to intensify?
At what age does separation anxiety typically start to intensify?
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What is the purpose of the Strange Situation procedure?
What is the purpose of the Strange Situation procedure?
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At what age does the social smile typically begin to manifest?
At what age does the social smile typically begin to manifest?
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What describes a dependent variable?
What describes a dependent variable?
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What is the first step of the scientific method?
What is the first step of the scientific method?
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Which period is characterized as a time when something must occur for normal development?
Which period is characterized as a time when something must occur for normal development?
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What is the correct definition of empirical evidence in the context of a hypothesis?
What is the correct definition of empirical evidence in the context of a hypothesis?
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What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
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What should be done after drawing conclusions in the scientific method?
What should be done after drawing conclusions in the scientific method?
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How is a result different from a conclusion in a scientific study?
How is a result different from a conclusion in a scientific study?
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When is language development considered to occur in the late-sensitive period?
When is language development considered to occur in the late-sensitive period?
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What does secure attachment indicate about an infant's relationship with their caregiver?
What does secure attachment indicate about an infant's relationship with their caregiver?
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In terms of temperament, which of the following is true?
In terms of temperament, which of the following is true?
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What change in the brain is associated with quick thinking during games like goldfish?
What change in the brain is associated with quick thinking during games like goldfish?
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What characterizes insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment in infants?
What characterizes insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment in infants?
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During which psychosexual stage, according to Freud, is the anus a focus of pleasurable sensations?
During which psychosexual stage, according to Freud, is the anus a focus of pleasurable sensations?
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At what psychosocial stage, according to Erikson, do children learn to be self-sufficient?
At what psychosocial stage, according to Erikson, do children learn to be self-sufficient?
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What is a characteristic behavior of insecure avoidant attachment in infants?
What is a characteristic behavior of insecure avoidant attachment in infants?
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Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome if a child fails to develop trust during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome if a child fails to develop trust during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
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Study Notes
Dependent vs Independent Variables
- Dependent variable: Changes based on the independent variable, the manipulated condition.
- Independent variable: The manipulated condition that doesn't rely on other variables.
Scientific Method Steps
- Curiosity: Question asking, theory generation, research, observations.
- Hypothesis: A testable prediction that can be verified.
- Testing a hypothesis: Designing a study and gathering empirical evidence through experiments, groups, etc.
- Drawing conclusions: Using collected evidence to support or refute the hypothesis, considering alternative interpretations, unexpected results, and potential bias.
- Reporting results and replication: Sharing data, conclusions, and limitations. Suggesting further research through replication.
Prenatal Development Periods
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Early - Critical: A time when specific development MUST occur for normal development. A missed development can lead to abnormalities.
- Example: Humans grow arms/legs, hands/feet, and fingers/toes between 28-54 days after conception.
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Late - Sensitive: Development can occur at a specific time, but it can still happen later with potential impairments.
- Example: Language development between ages 1-3, but can still develop later, possibly with grammatical challenges.
Conclusion, Result, Empirical Evidence Hypothesis
- Conclusion: Analysis of data compared to the hypothesis, determining the outcome, similar to a judgment based on evidence.
- Result: The overall consequence or effect of a study.
- Empirical Evidence Hypothesis: Information gathered through observation or experiments used to support or disprove a hypothesis. A crucial component in proving or disproving a hypothesis within the scientific method.
Case Study Types
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Longitudinal: Repeatedly collecting data on the same individual as they age.
- Example: Studying yourself throughout different ages.
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Cross-sectional: Comparing groups of people of one age to groups of people of another age.
- Gathering data from different age groups.
Sensorimotor Stage Development
- Object permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even out of sight, developing during the sensorimotor stage.
- Sensorimotor stage 5: Children are like scientists, experimenting with objects, seen in behaviors like a child placing stuffed animals in a toilet.
Lateralization
- Lateralization: The concept that both sides of the brain have different functions and specialize in specific tasks.
Gross Motor Skills
- Gross Motor Skills: Large body movements developing during the first two years of life. Includes actions like sitting unsupported, standing, crawling, walking well, running, and jumping.
Fine Motor Skills
- Fine Motor Skills: Physical abilities involving small movements, especially with hands and fingers. Examples include drawing, grasping a rattle, and stacking blocks.
Limbic System Development
- Limbic system development: Growth and maturation of the limbic system. It plays a vital role in emotional responses and memory formation.
Secure Attachment
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Secure attachment: Feel comfortable and confident with the caregiver as a "base for exploration," providing assurance and enabling discovery. Departure causes stress.
- Example: A child confidently exploring a room while the caregiver is present, but may be upset when the caregiver leaves.
Self-Awareness & Self-Control
- Self-awareness: Recognizing oneself as a distinct individual with separate thoughts, feelings, and actions from others.
- Self-control: Regulating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, often to achieve goals and resist temptations.
Attachment Types
- Secure attachment (B): Infant feels safe and secure with the caregiver, providing confidence and exploring the environment.
- Insecure avoidant (A): Infant avoids connection with the caregiver, likely due to less close relationships with parents.
- Insecure-resistant/ambivalent (C): Infant exhibits anxiety and uncertainty, seeking closeness but getting upset with distance, then being angry at the return.
- Disorganized (D): Infant displays inconsistent reactions to the caregiver, sometimes liking them, sometimes hating them.
Social Awareness
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The intellectual space where new skills and concepts can be learned, including those close to mastery but needing guidance.
- Fast mapping: The rapid acquisition of new words to enhance a child's vocabulary learning and adaptation abilities.
Amygdala
- Amygdala: A small brain structure that registers emotions, especially fear and anxiety. Increased activity can lead to frightening dreams or sudden terrors.
Overregulation, Logical Extension, & Fast Mapping
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Overregulation: Applying grammar rules even when exceptions exist, creating a more "regularized" language.
- Example: Overusing the "s" ending for plurals.
-
Logical Extension: Using new words to describe other objects within that category after learning a new word.
- Example: A child calling a Dalmatian a "Dalmatian cow" after learning about Dalmatian dogs.
- Fast Mapping: Quickly learning new words by placing them in mental categories based on perceived meaning, often with some inaccuracies.
Scaffolding, Object Permanence, & Conservation
- Scaffolding: Providing temporary support tailored to a learner's needs and abilities, helping them master the next step in learning.
- Object Permanence: Infants understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
- Conservation: Ability to understand that a quantity remains the same even if the shape or arrangement changes.
Theories of Language Development
- Skinner: Believes infants need to be taught through repetition and that social interaction fosters language development.
- Piaget: Emphasizes the child's own exploration and understanding of concepts, with language development being a byproduct of cognitive development.
- Vygotsky: Highlights the importance of social interaction and collaboration, emphasizing the role of cultural tools and scaffolding from others in mastering language.
Cognitive Processing Speed
- Myelination of axons: The process of coating nerve fibers with a fatty substance, enabling faster transmission of signals, improving cognitive processing speed and quick thinking.
Temperament
- Temperament: Innate differences in individuals' emotions, activity levels, and self-regulation, influencing responses to the environment.
Social Awareness Reactions
- Stranger anxiety: Fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move close.
- Fear of the unknown: Anxiety or discomfort when in unfamiliar or unpredictable situations.
- Separation anxiety: Fear or worry of being separated from a nurturing figure.
- Uncertainty check-in/ing?: - This term seems to be missing some context and needs further clarification.
- Social referencing: Seeking emotional responses or information from others, using their expressions and reactions as a social reference.
Social Smile
- Social smile: A smile evoked by a human face typically appearing at 6 weeks of age.
Strange Situation
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Strange Situation: A lab procedure measuring attachment in 1-year olds, assessing their reaction to stress with or without the caregiver. Observing playroom interactions, caregiver departures, and stranger arrivals. Reactions are categorized as A, B, C, or D attachment types.
- Key factors: Exploring toys, reactions to caregiver's departure and return.
- Secure attachment (B): Noticeable departure and signs of missing the caregiver (pausing play, worried expression).
Fine Motor Skills Examples
- Examples of fine motor skills: Using a pencil to write, using scissors to cut, using colors to draw a picture.
Gross Motor Skills Examples
- Gross motor skills develop in the first two years, including: Sitting unsupported, standing, holding on, crawling, creeping, walking well, walking backwards, running, jumping up.
Impulse Control
- Lack of impulse control: Seen in young children, where they have difficulty controlling their actions and behavior, requiring repeated reminders.
Erikson & Freud Stages:
- Birth-1 year (Oral Stage): Focus on pleasurable sensations through the mouth, lips, tongue, and gums. Relates to Trust vs. Mistrust, where babies either develop trust in others meeting their basic needs or develop mistrust.
- 1-3 years (Anal Stage): Focus on pleasurable sensations through the anus, emphasizing toilet training. Relates to Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, where children either become independent in activities (toileting, feeding, walking, etc.) or doubt their abilities.
- 3-6 years (Phallic Stage): Freud's theory. Relates to Initiative vs. Guilt in Erikson's theory.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the scientific method, dependent and independent variables, and the prenatal development periods. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these essential concepts in science and psychology. Explore how these elements are interrelated in the context of research and development.
