BIOLOGY Week 1-3

The scientific method is a structured approach to gaining knowledge through systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis. It involves a sequence of steps, starting with an observation and culminating in a conclusion.

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning where specific observations lead to a general conclusion. It involves identifying patterns from specific instances and then forming a general principle based on these patterns.

Deductive reasoning begins with a general principle or theory and uses it to make specific predictions. It involves applying a known concept to a specific situation and then testing the outcome.

The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter in an experiment. It is expected to have a direct impact on the dependent variable.

The dependent variable is the factor being measured in an experiment. It is expected to change in response to variations in the independent variable.

A control variable is a factor that is kept constant throughout an experiment. It helps ensure that any observed changes in the dependent variable are solely due to the independent variable and not any other factor.

Data refers to the collected information from an experiment, usually presented in tables, graphs, or charts. It is analyzed statistically to determine whether the results are significant or due to chance.

Conclusion is the final interpretation of the results obtained from data analysis. It determines whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected based on the evidence.

The theory that organisms inherit traits acquired during their lifetime, like a giraffe stretching its neck to reach leaves.

The theory that organisms with traits better suited for their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on.

The change in heritable traits of a population over generations, such as the evolution of the giraffe's neck.

Structures in different species that have a similar underlying anatomy because they share a common ancestor, even if they have different functions.

Structures in different species that have a similar function but are not anatomically similar because they evolved independently in different lineages.

The gradual movement of continents over millions of years, which can affect the distribution of species.

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or protein.

Different versions of a gene, contributing to variations in traits within a population.

The science of classifying and naming organisms.

The most inclusive category in biological classification, encompassing all living things based on cell structure. Example: Domain Eukarya (organisms with cells containing a nucleus).

The second most inclusive category in biological classification, grouping organisms based on shared fundamental characteristics. Example: Kingdom Animalia (multicellular, motile organisms that ingest food).

The process by which organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.

Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

The idea that species change over time and are related to each other, with new species arising from existing ones.

The theory that acquired characteristics during an organism's lifetime are passed down to its offspring. This theory is now disproven.

The process of evolution on a large scale that leads to the formation of new species.

The formation of a new species from an existing one, typically due to reproductive isolation.

A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. They are reproductively isolated from other species.

A change in the DNA sequence that can be inherited. It's the only source of new genetic variation.

The structural and functional unit of life, capable of performing all essential life processes.

A random change in allele frequencies in a small population, often due to events like natural disasters or random chance.

The theory stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cells lacking membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller and simpler in structure.

The movement of alleles between populations due to migration and interbreeding.

Cells possessing membrane-bound organelles, typically larger and more complex in structure.

The outermost layer of a cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out. It's a phospholipid bilayer.

When individuals choose their mates based on specific traits. This can lead to less genetic diversity.

A double-membrane bound organelle that houses the cell's genetic material, DNA. It disappears during cell division.

Minute pores within the nuclear envelope that facilitate the passage of substances, such as proteins and ribosomal subunits, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

The sites where protein synthesis occurs within the cell.

An extensive network of interconnected membranous sacs and channels involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

A stack of flattened, membranous sacs involved in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids.

Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down worn-out cellular components, unwanted substances, and foreign invaders.

Large, fluid-filled sacs that store water, pigments, and other substances within the cell.

Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes involved in breaking down fatty acids and producing hydrogen peroxide.