Scientific Method and Properties of Matter

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the pH scale?

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline.

What are the names given to a solution with a pH of 7, a pH between 0 and 6.99, and a pH between 7.01 and 14?

A pH of 7 is considered neutral. A pH between 0 and 6.99 is acidic, and a pH between 7.01 and 14 is basic.

What lab material is used to measure pH?

  • pH paper, pH meter, paper tournesol (correct)
  • pH paper, paper tournesol
  • pH meter

What does temperature measure?

<p>Temperature measures the degree of agitation (or movement) of particles. The higher the agitation, the higher the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to a substance that conducts electric current or heat?

<p>A conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to a substance that does not conduct electricity?

<p>An insulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is concentration defined?

<p>Concentration is the quantity of matter dissolved in a volume of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is concentration calculated?

<p>Concentration is the mass of solute divided by the volume of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is solubility defined?

<p>Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain volume of solvent at a temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the relationships between concentration and solubility and what does this mean?

<p>If the concentration of a solute is greater than the solubility of the solvent, not all of the solute will dissolve, and a residue will remain. If the concentration of a solute is less than the solubility of the solvent, all of the solute will dissolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics are unique to a substance? (Select all that apply)

<p>Melting Point (C), pH (D), Boiling Point (G), Density (J), Hardness (L), Solubility (M), Conductivity (O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics are common to many substances? (Select all that apply)

<p>Odor (E), Mass (F), Sedimentation (G), Clarity (I), Volume (K), Temperature (M), Color (N), State of Matter (O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

pH

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Conductor

A substance that conducts electricity or heat.

Insulator

A substance that does not conduct electricity or heat.

Concentration

The amount of dissolved material in a total volume of solution.

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Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific volume of solvent at a given temperature.

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Characteristic Properties

Unique properties that help identify a substance.

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Non-Characteristic Properties

Properties shared by many substances.

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Hypothesis

A statement predicting what will happen in an experiment.

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Independent Variable

The variable that you change or manipulate in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that you measure in an experiment.

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Controlled Variables

All conditions kept constant in an experiment to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

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Results Table

A table summarizing the results of an experiment.

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Solid

A state of matter with a definite shape and volume.

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Liquid

A state of matter with a definite volume but an indefinite shape.

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Gas

A state of matter with an indefinite shape and volume.

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Energy Transmission

A process where energy is transferred without changing form.

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Energy Transformation

A process where energy changes from one form to another.

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Elastic Energy

Stored energy due to an object's position or stretching.

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Radiant Energy

Energy that travels as waves.

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Electric Energy

Energy associated with electric currents.

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Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion.

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Raw Material

A natural resource used to make products.

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Materials

Processed raw materials used to make objects.

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Equipment

Tools and equipment used in production.

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Component

A part of a system necessary for its operation.

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Action

A task that a system performs.

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Input

Anything that enters a system.

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Output

Anything that leaves a system.

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Compression

A force that compresses an object.

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Tension

A force that stretches an object.

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Torsion

A force that twists an object.

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Flexion

A force that bends an object.

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Shear

A force that slides one part of an object over another.

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Friction

A force that opposes motion between two surfaces.

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Rectilinear Motion

Movement in a straight line.

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Alternating Motion

Movement back and forth in a straight line.

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Circular Motion

Movement in a circular path.

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Oscillatory Motion

Movement back and forth in a circular path.

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Study Notes

Scientific Method

  • How to write a hypothesis?

    • If (statement on what will happen)... then (what will happen), because... (reason).
  • How to write a protocol?

    1. Precise description of steps
    2. Numbered steps
    3. Steps begin with infinitive verbs
  • What is the difference between independent, dependent, and controlled variables?

    • Independent: The variable that affects the outcome.
    • Dependent: The variable that is measured during the experiment
    • Controlled: Maintaining constant conditions.
  • How to create and complete a results table?

    • Independent variable in the first column.
    • Dependent variable in the second column.
    • Include labels and units.

Properties of Matter

  • What are the three states of matter?
    • Solid: Particles are tightly packed, definite shape and volume.
    • Liquid: Particles flow around each other, definite volume & changing shape.
    • Gas: Particles go anywhere, changing volume and shape.

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