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Questions and Answers
The scientific method is a rigid sequence of steps that must be followed without any flexibility.
The scientific method is a rigid sequence of steps that must be followed without any flexibility.
False (B)
Formulating a hypothesis is the initial step in the scientific method.
Formulating a hypothesis is the initial step in the scientific method.
False (B)
In a scientific experiment, dependent variables are intentionally changed by scientists to observe their effect.
In a scientific experiment, dependent variables are intentionally changed by scientists to observe their effect.
False (B)
Controlled variables are features that are allowed to change freely throughout an experiment to add variability.
Controlled variables are features that are allowed to change freely throughout an experiment to add variability.
Controls in experiments are used as benchmarks to assess the validity and reliability of the experimental results.
Controls in experiments are used as benchmarks to assess the validity and reliability of the experimental results.
A timeline is primarily used to display events in a random order to challenge the reader.
A timeline is primarily used to display events in a random order to challenge the reader.
When analyzing a timeline, the first step is to examine the labeled time periods to understand the scale of time being represented.
When analyzing a timeline, the first step is to examine the labeled time periods to understand the scale of time being represented.
Decades on a timeline represent a period of 100 years.
Decades on a timeline represent a period of 100 years.
Neutrons and electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons and electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
Atoms are considered the largest building blocks of matter.
Atoms are considered the largest building blocks of matter.
Valence electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
Valence electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
Atoms strive to have a complete valence electron shell, ideally containing 8 valence electrons.
Atoms strive to have a complete valence electron shell, ideally containing 8 valence electrons.
A molecule is formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.
A molecule is formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.
Compounds are substances that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Compounds are substances that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Elements are pure substances consisting of only one type of molecule.
Elements are pure substances consisting of only one type of molecule.
The periodic table organizes elements primarily by their atomic mass.
The periodic table organizes elements primarily by their atomic mass.
Groups 1-2 and 13-18 on the periodic table generally follow the valence electron rules.
Groups 1-2 and 13-18 on the periodic table generally follow the valence electron rules.
A mixture is a pure substance containing only one type of compound or element.
A mixture is a pure substance containing only one type of compound or element.
Ionic and covalent bonds are the two primary types of chemical bonds that can form molecules.
Ionic and covalent bonds are the two primary types of chemical bonds that can form molecules.
The atomic symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass of an element are not typically found on the periodic table.
The atomic symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass of an element are not typically found on the periodic table.
Flashcards
Valence electrons
Valence electrons
Electrons that occupy the outermost shell of an atom.
Element
Element
A substance made up of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down further.
Compound
Compound
A substance composed of two or more different types of elements chemically bonded together.
Molecule
Molecule
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Ionic bond
Ionic bond
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Covalent bond
Covalent bond
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Pure substance
Pure substance
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Mixture
Mixture
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Atomic number
Atomic number
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Periodic table
Periodic table
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Scientific Method
Scientific Method
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Controlled Variable
Controlled Variable
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Control
Control
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Timeline
Timeline
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Atom
Atom
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Protons
Protons
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Neutrons
Neutrons
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Study Notes
Scientific Method
- The scientific method is a series of steps to ensure scientific work is done properly
- Steps (processes):
- Ask a question
- Research the question
- Predict the answer
- Experiment (gather evidence/measurements)
- Collect results (data)
- Share results or repeat the process if results don't support predictions
Scientific Experimentation
- A scientific experiment studies natural world behavior and structure
- Uses the scientific method (observations, measurements, experimentation, hypothesis revision)
- Involves variables:
- Independent variable: changed by the scientist
- Dependent variable: measured by the scientist (outcome)
- Controlled variable: kept constant throughout the experiment
- Experiments use controls to assess validity
Timelines
- Show events in order of occurrence
- Read the title for the topic
- Identify time periods (days, months, years, decades, centuries)
- Determine which events occurred and their sequence
Atoms
- Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter
- Each atom has:
- A nucleus (center) containing protons and neutrons
- Electrons orbiting the nucleus in shells
Valence Electrons
- Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost electron shell of an atom
- They determine bonding and element combinations
- The periodic table helps identify valence electrons based on element group.
- Atoms seek a full outermost electron shell (usually 8 electrons)
Molecules and Compounds
- Molecule: two or more atoms joined chemically
- Can be the same type of atom
- Or different types of atoms
- Compound: two or more DIFFERENT types of atoms joined chemically
- Example: Water (H₂O) is a chemical compound
Elements, Mixtures, and Pure Substances
- Elements: single type of atom
- Cannot be broken down further
- Molecules: atoms bound chemically
- Can be a single type of atom or several.
- Bonds are either ionic or covalent, affecting compound classification.
- Pure substances: contain one type of compound / element
- Mixtures: two or more compounds or elements that do not chemically bond together when mixed.
Periodic Table
- A tool to identify element properties
- Includes: element’s address, atomic number (for ordering), symbol, name, and atomic mass.
- Element type (metal, nonmetal, metalloid) can be identified based on position on the table
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