Scientific Method and Definitions

Science investigates the universe and knowledge acquisition methods.
Scientific facts are determined by anyone through observation.
Scientific facts rely on sensory observations.
Scientific equipment extends sensory capabilities.
Observing leaves blowing is indirect evidence for air.
Science often omits the existence of God because it's not empirically testable.
The scientific method begins with problem identification.
The Discussion section, in a scientific paper, does not include the dependent variable. It explains the results and draws conclusions.
A null hypothesis is a negative statement.
Quantitative observations measure substance amounts.
Controls are constant aspects of experiments used for comparison.
Atomic electrons reside in energy levels.
Ionic bonding involves gaining or losing outer-shell electrons, not sharing them.
Water is the most prevalent inorganic cell substance.
An atom with 12 protons has an atomic number of 12.
Sodium atoms become ions (Na+) by losing an outer-shell electron.
An isotope with atomic number 6 and mass 14 has 8 neutrons.
Water functions as a solvent, heat absorber, and lubricant, but not a direct energy source.

Organic Molecules, Cells, and Membranes

Carbohydrates (starch, cellulose, glycogen) are a group of organic molecules.
Lipids are a highly concentrated energy source.
Proteins are biological catalysts.
Nucleic Acids carry genetic information.
Carbohydrates provide a readily available energy source for life.
Electrons have a negative charge.
Water exhibits polarity, heat resistance, and hydrogen bonding.
Denatured proteins/DNA lose their shape and function due to hydrogen bond disruption.
Hydrolysis is a breakdown reaction.
Carbon atoms can bond with a maximum of four other atoms.
Proteins' monomers are amino acids.
Carbohydrates' monomers are saccharides.
Cell membranes chiefly consist of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
Cell theory states organisms are composed of cells arising from pre-existing cells, with cells as life's fundamental units.
Organelles compartmentalize cellular functions, are membrane-enclosed, and are typically in eukaryotic cells.
Protists, plants, and fungi generally have cell walls, unlike animals.
The cell wall may lie outside a plasma membrane.
Plasma membranes are composed of proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. The lipid bilayer is fluid and flexible, not rigid and inflexible.
Phospholipid molecules have a nonpolar fatty acid tail and a polar head.
Transmembrane proteins facilitate large molecule transport.
Glycolipids, carbohydrate attachments, contribute to cell recognition.
Plasma membrane proteins perform functions like transport, cell-cell recognition, attachment, and receptor sites.
Phagocytosis is "cell-eating."
Active transport needs energy for substance movement across membranes.
The Na-K pump exemplifies active transport.
Pinocytosis is a nonspecific endocytosis that encompasses phagocytosis.
Endocytosis and exocytosis involve bulk passage across the cell's membrane.
Facilitated diffusion utilizes a protein carrier for high-to-low concentration transport without energy.

Enzymes and Metabolism

Enzymes function as biological catalysts, reducing activation energy for reactions.
An enzyme's substrate-binding region is the active site.
Oxidation involves electron loss.
Anaerobic processes do not require oxygen.
Vitamins act as coenzymes.
Enzymes are proteins, not inorganic compounds.
The sun is Earth's primary energy source.
The transition state in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction possesses high energy because of altered reactant structure.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
The Krebs cycle is a cyclic metabolic pathway.
ATP's phosphate transfers are a rapid, renewable, and common energy delivery method.
Enzymes are affected by pH and temperature.
Electron transport systems involve transfer processes across membranes.
ATP stores and transports energy for the body.
Acetyl CoA is a key intermediate in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
Fermentation byproducts are alcohol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid, not acetyl CoA.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic oxidative respiration takes place within the mitochondria.
Electron carriers, like NAD and FADH, are not ATP.
The complete oxidation of glucose proceeds through glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the TCA cycle, and the ETS.
The final electron acceptor in respiration is oxygen.
Pyruvate is glycolysis's end product.
Aerobic glucose oxidation yields 36 ATP molecules.
The ETS occurs within the mitochondrial inner membrane.
One Krebs cycle yields 6 NADH molecules from NAD+ reduction.
Fermentation products are ethanol or lactic acid, not other compounds.
Glycolysis begins and ends in the cytoplasm.
Aerobic respiration's later stages occur in the mitochondrion.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in complete aerobic respiration.
The TCA cycle does not include PGAL.
FADH2 is not a glycolysis product.
Glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids are potential energy sources aside from glucose.
Glycolysis alone produces 6 ATPs.
Fermentation regenerates NAD+.
Covalent bonds are broken in glucose during respiration.

Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll, an essential pigment in plants, absorbs red light.
Photosystem II obtains electrons needed for chlorophyll replacement through water molecules.
Carbon fixation is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO)..
Light-dependent reactions (photosynthesis) do not include carbon fixation.
The electron flow in light reactions is: water, photosystem II, photosystem I. then NADPH.
Water provides the oxygen released in photosynthesis.
The Calvin-Benson cycle begins when carbon dioxide joins RuBP.
Light absorption by a photosystem triggers light-dependent reactions in plants.