Scientific Method and Concepts Quiz

Science is an ever-changing body of knowledge about nature. It is a systematic process used to answer questions about the natural world and measurable/observable natural phenomena. Science does not address the supernatural world.

The historical belief was that illness came from bad air, known as miasma.

Basic science is pure science for knowledge's sake, while applied science uses basic science to solve specific problems.

<p>A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for observations. It is a statement meant to answer specific questions and must be testable and falsifiable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A scientific theory is a broad explanation supported by multiple hypotheses. It is based on well-supported hypotheses that have been consistently confirmed through data collected by numerous, independent researchers. Scientific theories are the closest we can get to calling something true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scientific method is a tool or guide for answering questions or solving problems in science. It is non-linear, meaning you don't have to start at the same place or follow all the steps in the same order every time. It is also iterative, meaning we repeat the process and sometimes reassess our experimental design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimentation is the process of hypothesis testing. It is used to test a hypothesis and eliminate alternative hypotheses. Controlled experiments are the best way to test a hypothesis, but they are not always possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The independent variable is the manipulated factor in an experiment, while the dependent variable is the measured outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A control group is a group that does not receive the treatment being tested. It serves as a baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to isolate the effects of the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bias occurs when preconceived notions or preexisting opinions, conscious or unconscious, impact the results of a study. It can lead to false conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random assignment involves assigning participants to groups randomly to ensure that groups are comparable at the start of the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a single-blind experiment, the participant does not know whether they are receiving the treatment or a placebo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A placebo is a fake treatment, often a sugar pill, given to the control group in an experiment. It is used to account for the placebo/nocebo effect, where participants experience symptoms because they believe they will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlation is a statistical relationship between two variables, used to predict or describe that there is a relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic structure is the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom. The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as their arrangement in electron shells, determines an element's chemical properties and the way it interacts with other elements to form matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An atom is the basic building block of matter. It consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus. It uniquely identifies an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atomic mass of an atom is a measure of its mass, approximately equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron shells are regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons reside. The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons, and each subsequent shell can hold up to 8 electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom. They are involved in chemical bonding and determine an element's chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable configuration with 8 electrons in their outermost shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons to achieve stability. Each atom contributes one electron to a shared pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract electrons from another atom. It is influenced by the number of electrons in the outermost shell, the size of the atom, and its atomic number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorine (A), Oxygen (B), Nitrogen (C), Fluorine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a nonpolar bond, electrons are shared equally between the atoms. In a polar bond, electrons are shared unequally, leading to a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number (how many protons it has) and the size of the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are chemically joined together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A compound is a molecule formed by at least two different elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ionic bond occurs when a highly electronegative atom pulls one or more electrons away from an atom with low electronegativity, forming ions that attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dipole-dipole interactions are weak attractions between slightly charged atoms in polar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dipole is a separation of electrical charges in a molecule, creating a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that involves a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Van der Waals interactions are very weak attractions that occur due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution around atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical reaction is a process that involves the rearrangement of atoms and molecules, resulting in the formation of new substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis reactions are reactions that use water to break down complex molecules into simpler ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation reactions are reactions that combine simpler molecules together to create a large, more complex molecule, releasing water in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation energy (Ea) is the initial energy input required to start a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers