Scientific Method and Biological Molecules
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Questions and Answers

Which method of molecular transport utilizes transporter proteins to facilitate passage across the plasma membrane?

  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion (correct)
  • Active Transport

Which method of molecular transport necessitates the use of ATP to move molecules across the plasma membrane?

  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active Transport (correct)

Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?

  • Mitochondrion
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm (correct)
  • Plasma membrane

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct order?

<p>Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not occur in the human body?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype represents an individual with albinism?

<p>aa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding carriers of a genetic trait?

<p>Carriers have one dominant and one recessive allele. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'father of genetics'?

<p>Gregor Mendel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The law stating that unrelated genes assort independently is known as which law?

<p>Law of Independent Assortment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sex chromosome can an egg cell provide?

<p>X only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes in a male human?

<p>XY (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term for a variation form of a gene located on homologous chromosomes is called what?

<p>Allele (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a case of incomplete dominance, the result of crossing a white rose plant and a red rose plant would produce which phenotype for heterozygous genotypes?

<p>Pink roses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct?

<p>Aerobic cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is correctly labeled as (QUESTION #1) in the photosynthesis equation?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of photosynthesis is light energy not required?

<p>Calvin cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms does NOT perform cellular respiration?

<p>Virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pigment that facilitates the process of photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in a plant?

<p>Leaves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes organisms that can convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis?

<p>Autotrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are photosynthetic pigments located within the chloroplast?

<p>Thylakoid membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations correctly calculates the percentage of 25 out of 2500?

<p>25 ÷ 2500 = 0.01, or 1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for focusing the specimen?

<p>Fine adjustment knob (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of specimen is best viewed using a compound microscope?

<p>Living tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits a typical bacterium?

<p>Prokaryotic cell with no nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are known to lack a cell wall?

<p>Animal cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a chain of round-shaped bacteria?

<p>Streptococcus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If using the 40X objective lens, what is the total magnification of the microscope?

<p>400x (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure evolved according to the endosymbiont theory when a prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote?

<p>Mitochondrion (A), Chloroplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary role of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

<p>It enables growth and repair of tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells primarily undergo mitosis?

<p>Somatic cells of eukaryotic organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mitosis is false?

<p>It is a form of sexual reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process follows karyokinesis in the cell cycle?

<p>Cytokinesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?

<p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of anaphase?

<p>The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

<p>The nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

<p>The cell prepares for mitosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?

<p>Weight of the vessel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily happens when a solute cannot diffuse across the cell membrane?

<p>Osmosis occurs to balance the concentration gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to occur if animal tissue is soaked in distilled water?

<p>The tissue will swell as water enters through osmosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an animal cell is placed in a 5% solute solution, what will occur?

<p>Water will exit the cell through osmosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, what can occur?

<p>The cell may not survive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a solution that has a higher concentration of solute compared to the cell?

<p>Hypertonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic environment?

<p>It experiences lysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of transport requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient?

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Percentage Calculation (25/2500)

To calculate 25 out of 2500 as a percentage, divide 25 by 2500 and multiply by 100, which equals 1%.

Microscope Objective Lens

The lens on the microscope that collects the light and magnifies the image.

Microscope Coarse Adjustment Knob

The part of the microscope used for initial focusing of the specimen.

Microscope Viewing Specimens (Cells/Tissues)

Compound microscopes are best used for viewing cells and tissues due to their magnification capabilities.

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Animal Cell

Cells that do not have a cell wall.

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Eukaryotic Cell

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Prokaryotic Cell

Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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Total Magnification

The overall magnification obtained by multiplying the objective lens magnification by the eyepiece or ocular lens magnification.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without requiring energy. Molecules move down the concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

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Factors Affecting Diffusion

The rate of diffusion can be influenced by temperature, size of the molecule, and the intensity of the concentration gradient.

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What happens when a solute can't diffuse?

When a solute cannot pass through the cell membrane, water will move via osmosis to balance the concentration gradient.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane that requires energy (ATP). Molecules move against the concentration gradient.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport where molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, but still following the concentration gradient.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move out of the cell and leading to cell shrinkage.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move into the cell and leading to cell swelling.

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What is the main difference between Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport?

Facilitated diffusion is passive, meaning it doesn't require energy, and moves molecules down the concentration gradient. Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

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Krebs Cycle

The second stage of cellular respiration, where pyruvate is further broken down, producing some ATP and electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).

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Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of cellular respiration, where electrons are passed along a chain of proteins, generating a large amount of ATP.

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What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the continuous flow of electrons and high ATP production.

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Fermentation

An anaerobic process that occurs when oxygen is not available, producing a small amount of ATP and a byproduct (like alcohol or lactic acid).

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Mitosis Function

Mitosis enables cells to replicate and pass on genetic information to daughter cells, contributing to growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

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What cells undergo mitosis?

Somatic cells, which are all the cells in a multicellular organism except for gametes (sex cells), undergo mitosis.

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Asexual Reproduction

Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction, where a single parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells.

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Nuclear Division

Karyokinesis refers to the division of the nucleus during mitosis, where the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two nuclei.

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Cytoplasmic Division

Cytokinesis is the process that follows nuclear division (karyokinesis) in mitosis, where the cytoplasm divides, producing two separate daughter cells.

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DNA Replication Timing

During the cell cycle, DNA is replicated only once, but the cell divides twice.

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G1 Phase

The G1 phase of interphase is the period after mitosis where the cell grows and its organelles duplicate.

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S Phase

The S phase of interphase is the period when the DNA is replicated, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

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What gas is exhaled during cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a waste product of aerobic cellular respiration, a process where cells break down glucose to release energy.

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What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

Light energy is used to power the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, which convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

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What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

The Calvin Cycle, also known as the biochemical reaction of photosynthesis, uses the energy from ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

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What are the components of a chloroplast?

Chloroplasts are organelles containing thylakoids (stacks of flattened sacs called grana) and stroma (the fluid surrounding the thylakoids).

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What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy, primarily red and blue wavelengths, which is used to power the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interconnected processes. Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used by cellular respiration to generate ATP, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, which are used by photosynthesis.

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What type of organism performs photosynthesis?

Autotrophic organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, use solar energy to make their own food through photosynthesis.

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Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant?

Photosynthesis primarily takes place in the leaves of plants, specifically in the chloroplasts located within the cells of the leaf.

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Recessive Trait

A trait that only appears in the phenotype if two copies of the recessive allele are present in the genotype.

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Genotype for Albinism

The genotype for albinism is aa, meaning two copies of the recessive allele for lack of melanin production.

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Carrier

A person who carries a recessive allele for a trait but does not express the corresponding phenotype.

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Law of Independent Assortment

States that unlinked genes are assorted independently into gametes, meaning different traits are inherited separately.

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Sex Chromosomes of a Male

A male human has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY).

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Sex Chromosomes of a Female

A female human has two X chromosomes (XX).

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Gene

A unit of inheritance on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein.

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Heterozygous

Describes a genotype with one dominant allele and one recessive allele.

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Study Notes

Scientific Method and Epidemiology

  • Theory: A well-tested hypothesis, widely accepted within the scientific community.
  • Hypothesis: A testable explanation or prediction.
  • Variables:
    • Independent variable: Manipulated variable.
    • Dependent variable: Measured variable.
    • Control: Standard for comparison in an experiment.
  • Reliable Experiment Characteristics:
    • Larger sample size.
    • Multiple repetitions of the scientific method.
  • Epidemiology: Study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations.
    • Includes study of bacteria, viruses and vectors of disease transmission.

Biological Molecules

  • Organic Molecules: Contain carbon.
  • Macromolecules: Made of smaller units called monomers, bonded together to form polymers.
  • Biomolecule Monomers:
    • Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids
    • Peptides: Amino acids
    • Starches: Monosaccharides
  • Biomolecule Function: Saccharides supply fuel, aid in building cellular structures, store energy, or provide materials for other biomolecules.
  • Polysaccharides: Examples include cellulose, glucose, and glycogen.
  • Lipids: Not soluble in water; primary component of cell membranes. Examples include phospholipids, triglycerides

Biological Molecules (cont.)

  • Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.
  • Enzyme Function: Affected by factors like pH, temperature, and concentration of substrates.
  • Reactions: Enzymes can facilitate synthesis (building up molecules) or reduction (breaking down molecules)

Cellular Respiration

  • Aerobic Cellular Respiration Stages (order): Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain.
  • Glycolysis: An anaerobic process occurring in the cytoplasm.
  • Fermentation Types:
    • Alcoholic Fermentation: Example is yeast.
    • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Example is animal cells.
  • Electron Transport Chain Final Acceptor: Oxygen.
  • Cellular Respiration Equation: Glucose + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP).

Microscopy and Cells

  • Microscopy Types: Suitable for different specimens.
  • Cells Types: Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Animal, Plant, Bacterium

Microbiology

  • Bacterial Shapes:
    • Staphylococci: Irregular clusters.
    • Streptococci: Chains.
    • Bacilli: Rod-shaped.
    • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped.
    • Cocci: Spherical.

Microscopy and Cells (cont.)

  • Microscopy Parts: Coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, objective lens, ocular lens, stage controls

Molecular Transport

  • Plasma Membrane Function: Controls exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.
  • Molecular Transport Mechanisms: Active transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, diffusion.
  • Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against a concentration gradient.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Moves molecules across the membrane using transport proteins.
  • Diffusion: Net movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
  • Passive Transport: Does not require energy.
  • Osmosis: Specific type of diffusion involving water movement.
  • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside cell.
  • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside cell.

Mitosis

  • Mitosis Function: Allows cells to duplicate and grow.
  • Mitosis Stages (order): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, following nuclear division.

Meiosis

  • Meiosis Function: Formation of gametes (sex cells).
  • Meiosis Stages: Meiosis I, Meiosis II.
  • Synapsis: Homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I.
  • Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
  • Meiosis I Products: Two haploid cells.
  • Meiosis II Products: Four haploid cells.
  • Number of viable Gametes Produced (Spermatogenesis): Four.
  • Number of viable Gametes Produced (Oogenesis) One.
  • Gene Arrangement Varibility: Facilitated by crossing over

Genetics

  • Allele: Alternative form of a gene, responsible for a specific trait.
  • Genotype: Complete set of genes of an organism.
  • Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism, caused by a combination of factors.
  • Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a specific trait.
  • Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a specific trait.
  • Dominant Allele: Always expressed if present.
  • Recessive Allele: Only expressed if present in homozygous state.
  • Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous individuals express a blend of traits.
  • Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygous individuals.
  • Multiple Alleles: Multiple variations for a given gene.
  • Sex-linked Traits: Genes located on sex chromosomes.
  • Carrier: An individual with a recessive gene that is not expressed but may be passed on.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of the scientific method and the study of epidemiology, focusing on hypothesis testing, variables, and reliable experiment characteristics. Additionally, delve into the realm of biological molecules, their composition, and functions, including the dynamics of organic macromolecules and their monomers.

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