Scientific Method and Biological Molecules

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Questions and Answers

Which method of molecular transport utilizes transporter proteins to facilitate passage across the plasma membrane?

Osmosis

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion (correct)

Active Transport

Which method of molecular transport necessitates the use of ATP to move molecules across the plasma membrane?

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active Transport (correct)

Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Cytoplasm (correct)

Plasma membrane

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct order?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

Alcoholic fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not occur in the human body?

Alcoholic fermentation Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype represents an individual with albinism?

aa Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding carriers of a genetic trait?

Carriers have one dominant and one recessive allele. Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'father of genetics'?

Gregor Mendel Signup and view all the answers

The law stating that unrelated genes assort independently is known as which law?

Law of Independent Assortment Signup and view all the answers

What type of sex chromosome can an egg cell provide?

X only Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes in a male human?

XY Signup and view all the answers

The term for a variation form of a gene located on homologous chromosomes is called what?

Allele Signup and view all the answers

In a case of incomplete dominance, the result of crossing a white rose plant and a red rose plant would produce which phenotype for heterozygous genotypes?

Pink roses Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct?

Aerobic cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is correctly labeled as (QUESTION #1) in the photosynthesis equation?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of photosynthesis is light energy not required?

Calvin cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms does NOT perform cellular respiration?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pigment that facilitates the process of photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in a plant?

Leaves Signup and view all the answers

What term describes organisms that can convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis?

Autotrophic Signup and view all the answers

Where are photosynthetic pigments located within the chloroplast?

Thylakoid membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations correctly calculates the percentage of 25 out of 2500?

25 ÷ 2500 = 0.01, or 1% Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for focusing the specimen?

Fine adjustment knob Signup and view all the answers

What type of specimen is best viewed using a compound microscope?

Living tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits a typical bacterium?

Prokaryotic cell with no nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are known to lack a cell wall?

Animal cells Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a chain of round-shaped bacteria?

Streptococcus Signup and view all the answers

If using the 40X objective lens, what is the total magnification of the microscope?

400x Signup and view all the answers

Which structure evolved according to the endosymbiont theory when a prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote?

Mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary role of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

It enables growth and repair of tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells primarily undergo mitosis?

Somatic cells of eukaryotic organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mitosis is false?

It is a form of sexual reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

What process follows karyokinesis in the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of anaphase?

The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

The nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

The cell prepares for mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?

Weight of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

What primarily happens when a solute cannot diffuse across the cell membrane?

Osmosis occurs to balance the concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to occur if animal tissue is soaked in distilled water?

The tissue will swell as water enters through osmosis. Signup and view all the answers

If an animal cell is placed in a 5% solute solution, what will occur?

Water will exit the cell through osmosis. Signup and view all the answers

If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, what can occur?

The cell may not survive. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a solution that has a higher concentration of solute compared to the cell?

Hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic environment?

It experiences lysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which method of transport requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method and Epidemiology

Theory: A well-tested hypothesis, widely accepted within the scientific community.
Hypothesis: A testable explanation or prediction.
Variables:
- Independent variable: Manipulated variable.
- Dependent variable: Measured variable.
- Control: Standard for comparison in an experiment.
Reliable Experiment Characteristics:
- Larger sample size.
- Multiple repetitions of the scientific method.
Epidemiology: Study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations.
- Includes study of bacteria, viruses and vectors of disease transmission.

Biological Molecules

Organic Molecules: Contain carbon.
Macromolecules: Made of smaller units called monomers, bonded together to form polymers.
Biomolecule Monomers:
- Lipids: Glycerol and fatty acids
- Peptides: Amino acids
- Starches: Monosaccharides
Biomolecule Function: Saccharides supply fuel, aid in building cellular structures, store energy, or provide materials for other biomolecules.
Polysaccharides: Examples include cellulose, glucose, and glycogen.
Lipids: Not soluble in water; primary component of cell membranes. Examples include phospholipids, triglycerides

Biological Molecules (cont.)

Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.
Enzyme Function: Affected by factors like pH, temperature, and concentration of substrates.
Reactions: Enzymes can facilitate synthesis (building up molecules) or reduction (breaking down molecules)

Cellular Respiration

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Stages (order): Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain.
Glycolysis: An anaerobic process occurring in the cytoplasm.
Fermentation Types:
- Alcoholic Fermentation: Example is yeast.
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Example is animal cells.
Electron Transport Chain Final Acceptor: Oxygen.
Cellular Respiration Equation: Glucose + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP).

Microscopy and Cells

Microscopy Types: Suitable for different specimens.
Cells Types: Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Animal, Plant, Bacterium

Microbiology

Bacterial Shapes:
- Staphylococci: Irregular clusters.
- Streptococci: Chains.
- Bacilli: Rod-shaped.
- Spirilla: Spiral-shaped.
- Cocci: Spherical.

Microscopy and Cells (cont.)

Microscopy Parts: Coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, objective lens, ocular lens, stage controls

Molecular Transport

Plasma Membrane Function: Controls exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.
Molecular Transport Mechanisms: Active transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, diffusion.
Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against a concentration gradient.
Facilitated Diffusion: Moves molecules across the membrane using transport proteins.
Diffusion: Net movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
Passive Transport: Does not require energy.
Osmosis: Specific type of diffusion involving water movement.
Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside cell.
Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside cell.

Mitosis

Mitosis Function: Allows cells to duplicate and grow.
Mitosis Stages (order): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, following nuclear division.

Meiosis

Meiosis Function: Formation of gametes (sex cells).
Meiosis Stages: Meiosis I, Meiosis II.
Synapsis: Homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I.
Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
Meiosis I Products: Two haploid cells.
Meiosis II Products: Four haploid cells.
Number of viable Gametes Produced (Spermatogenesis): Four.
Number of viable Gametes Produced (Oogenesis) One.
Gene Arrangement Varibility: Facilitated by crossing over

Genetics

Allele: Alternative form of a gene, responsible for a specific trait.
Genotype: Complete set of genes of an organism.
Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism, caused by a combination of factors.
Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a specific trait.
Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a specific trait.
Dominant Allele: Always expressed if present.
Recessive Allele: Only expressed if present in homozygous state.
Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous individuals express a blend of traits.
Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygous individuals.
Multiple Alleles: Multiple variations for a given gene.
Sex-linked Traits: Genes located on sex chromosomes.
Carrier: An individual with a recessive gene that is not expressed but may be passed on.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of the scientific method and the study of epidemiology, focusing on hypothesis testing, variables, and reliable experiment characteristics. Additionally, delve into the realm of biological molecules, their composition, and functions, including the dynamics of organic macromolecules and their monomers.