Scientific Measurements and the Metric System
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Questions and Answers

What is one reason that makes the Imperial System less efficient compared to the Metric System?

  • It is based on universal scientific constants.
  • It simplifies conversions between different measurements.
  • It uses consistent units across different contexts.
  • It relies on random objects and units, making it harder to learn. (correct)

How many places does the decimal point move between each metric prefix when converting?

  • Four places
  • Three places
  • One place (correct)
  • Two places

What does it mean to be accurate in a science laboratory?

  • Using the correct lab equipment only.
  • Obtaining results that are close to the true value. (correct)
  • Producing results that are repeatable.
  • Following lab procedures precisely.

What defines accuracy in scientific measurements?

<p>The closeness of a measurement to the true value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes precision in scientific measurements?

<p>The degree of finesse based on the tool used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric prefix represents the smallest value in the King Henry Slider method?

<p>Milli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the initial step in the scientific method?

<p>To identify a question or problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between truth and scientific knowledge?

<p>Truth cannot change over time, while scientific knowledge evolves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conversions is accurate based on metric conversion principles?

<p>4 cm = 40 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific method, which step directly follows formulating a hypothesis?

<p>Experiment/Procedure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When measurements are precise but not accurate, it indicates what situation?

<p>Measurements are clustered together but far from the true value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using a ruler carefully to mark measurements is an example of which concept?

<p>Accuracy in measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves summarizing data in a clear format without interpretation?

<p>Results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

<p>It should be a testable prediction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps involves evaluating whether the initial hypothesis was supported or refuted?

<p>Conclusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

<p>It is the treatment or change administered to a group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to only test one independent variable at a time in an experiment?

<p>It allows for a clearer understanding of the results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dependent variable represent in an experiment?

<p>What is observed and measured to assess the results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does the control group serve in an experimental design?

<p>It provides a baseline for comparison against the experimental group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to only test one independent variable in an experiment?

<p>To prevent confusion regarding which change caused the result. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a lurking variable?

<p>A hidden variable that can affect the results without the researchers' awareness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically measured in an experiment to test the effects of the independent variable?

<p>The dependent variable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a control group in experimental design?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison against experimental groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lurking variables in the context of an experiment?

<p>Variables that can unintentionally influence the outcome without being measured. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of epistemology?

<p>The study of the methods of acquiring knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a scientific hypothesis?

<p>A prediction based on theoretical background (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does scientific knowledge differ from truth?

<p>Scientific knowledge is subject to change, while truth is absolute. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a scientific fact?

<p>It results from consistent experimentation and observation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of a theory?

<p>It provides explanations and allows for the formulation of new hypotheses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom primarily composed of?

<p>Protons, electrons, and neutrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the structure of an atom, where are neutrons located?

<p>In the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electron cloud' refer to?

<p>The region surrounding the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle of an atom?

<p>Ion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are protons and neutrons represented in a basic atom diagram?

<p>As equal-sized circles in the nucleus without distinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Research (Background Information)' step in the scientific method?

<p>To gather information and data related to the problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a hypothesis in the context of the scientific method?

<p>It represents a testable prediction based on existing knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'Experiment (Procedure)' step play in the scientific method?

<p>To clearly outline the steps for conducting the experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the 'Conclusion (Analyze results and respond to Hypothesis)' step connect to the hypothesis?

<p>It expresses how the results relate back to the initial question. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do facts, theories, hypotheses, and experiments interact in the cycle of scientific enterprise?

<p>Experiments can produce new facts, which may alter or expand existing theories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotopes from one another?

<p>Different number of neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is atomic mass calculated?

<p>It's an average value due to the presence of different isotopes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Democritus's main contribution to atomic theory?

<p>Theorized that matter is composed of invisible particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief did Aristotle hold regarding the existence of atoms?

<p>Matter was made of four elements, not atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which analogy best represents Democritus's atomic model?

<p>Invisible spheres. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of Dalton to atomic theory?

<p>Proposed that atoms are indivisible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes electrons as being embedded in a positively charged sphere?

<p>Plum pudding model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery did Chadwick make that significantly impacted atomic theory?

<p>Neutron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of atomic theory did Schrödinger and Heisenberg challenge?

<p>Electrons orbit in predictable paths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment demonstrated the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus in the atom?

<p>Gold foil experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Venn diagrams illustrate in the context of atomic theory?

<p>Overlapping characteristics of different models (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects Bohr's contribution to atomic theory?

<p>Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant improvement in atomic models over time?

<p>Inclusion of neutrons in atom structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epistemology

The study of knowledge, how we acquire it, and its limitations.

Truth

The way things really are, independent of our beliefs or opinions.

Scientific Fact

Knowledge gained from experiments and observations, considered to be reliable and accurate.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction based on a theory or background information.

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Theory

A well-supported explanation that accounts for observed patterns and makes new predictions.

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Accuracy

How close a measurement is to the true value.

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Precision

How close a group of measurements are to each other.

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Metric Conversion

Changing between different units of measurement within the metric system.

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Significant Figures

The digits in a measurement that are considered reliable and contribute to the accuracy of the measurement.

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Tools and Precision

The precision of a measurement depends on the tool used.

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Metric System

A system of measurement using units based on powers of ten, making conversions simple and consistent.

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King Henry Slider

A mnemonic device to remember the order of metric prefixes and their corresponding values. The prefixes are arranged from largest to smallest, with the base unit in the middle.

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Metric Prefix Order

The order of metric prefixes from largest to smallest, with the base unit in the middle, is Kilo, Hecto, Deca, base, Deci, Centi, Milli.

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Decimal Shift in Metric Conversions

When converting between metric prefixes, the decimal point moves one place for each step on the King Henry Slider.

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Imperial System

A system of measurement using units based on random objects and units, making conversions confusing and inconsistent.

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Independent Variable

The factor being changed or manipulated in an experiment. It's what you are testing.

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Dependent Variable

The factor being measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.

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Lurking Variable

A variable that affects the results of an experiment but is not being studied or controlled by the researcher.

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Why only one independent variable?

To isolate the impact of each variable and ensure you know what is causing any changes in the dependent variable.

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Control Group's Role

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or change being tested. It serves as a baseline for comparison.

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What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element, consisting of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons orbiting in an electron cloud.

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What are the main parts of an atom?

An atom is made up of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus in an electron cloud.

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Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons defines the element.

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Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom in an electron cloud.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Atomic Mass

The average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

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Democritus's Contribution

Theorized that matter is composed of invisible particles called atoms.

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Aristotle's View on Matter

Believed matter was made of four elements: air, water, earth, and fire and had properties like hot, cold, dry, and wet.

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Atomic Models

Simplified representations of the structure of atoms proposed throughout history.

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Scientific Method: Purpose

The first step in the scientific method, defining the problem or question that needs to be investigated.

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Scientific Method: Hypothesis

A testable prediction or explanation based on available information, often in the form of an 'If, then, because' statement.

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Scientific Method: Experiment

The process of testing the hypothesis by conducting a controlled study with specific steps and procedures.

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Scientific Method: Results

Summarizing the data and observations from the experiment in a clear and descriptive manner, without interpretation or analysis.

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Scientific Method: Conclusion

Analyzing the results and drawing conclusions based on the data, comparing the findings to the hypothesis and determining if it was supported or refuted.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, answering questions, and gaining knowledge through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

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Experiment

A controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis by manipulating variables and observing the outcomes.

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Data Analysis

The process of examining, summarizing, and interpreting the collected data from an experiment.

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Conclusion

A reasoned judgment based on data analysis, stating whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted.

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Why test one variable at a time?

To isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, ensuring clear results and avoiding confusion about which variable is responsible for the observed changes.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that doesn't receive the treatment or change, serving as a baseline for comparison.

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Dalton's Atomic Theory

The first atomic theory proposed by John Dalton, stating that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms.

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Thomson's Plum Pudding Model

A model depicting the atom as a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, like plums in a pudding.

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Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

An experiment that showed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus, based on the surprising deflection of alpha particles.

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Bohr's Atomic Model

A model where electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels, resembling a planetary system.

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Chadwick's Discovery

The discovery of the neutron, a neutral particle in the nucleus, adding another key component to the atomic model.

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Uncertainty Principle

A principle that states that it's impossible to know both the precise position and momentum of an electron simultaneously, challenging the idea of predictable electron orbits.

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Electron Cloud Model

A model that describes electrons as existing in a probabilistic cloud around the nucleus, rather than definitive orbits.

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Atomic Model Evolution

The ongoing process of refining atomic models based on new scientific discoveries and experiments.

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