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Questions and Answers
Participants mostly produce negative tests that conform to their hypothesis.
Participants mostly produce negative tests that conform to their hypothesis.
False
Participants expect to receive 'No' as the answer for tests like 12-8-4.
Participants expect to receive 'No' as the answer for tests like 12-8-4.
True
According to Tweney et al. (1980), participants were informed to identify only one rule in mind.
According to Tweney et al. (1980), participants were informed to identify only one rule in mind.
False
Over 50% of participants produced the correct answer on their first attempt with the standard problem.
Over 50% of participants produced the correct answer on their first attempt with the standard problem.
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DAX rule requires any three numbers in descending order.
DAX rule requires any three numbers in descending order.
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Participants had to try to disconfirm the DAX rule to identify it.
Participants had to try to disconfirm the DAX rule to identify it.
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'1-4-9' is an example of a disconfirmatory test.
'1-4-9' is an example of a disconfirmatory test.
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The success rate of participants on the 2-4-6 task is high.
The success rate of participants on the 2-4-6 task is high.
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According to Popper (1968), a crucial feature of all truly scientific theories is falsifiability.
According to Popper (1968), a crucial feature of all truly scientific theories is falsifiability.
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Scientists should focus on confirmation rather than falsification because the latter cannot be achieved.
Scientists should focus on confirmation rather than falsification because the latter cannot be achieved.
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A recent study found that attempts to replicate 100 findings in psychology were successful 50% of the time.
A recent study found that attempts to replicate 100 findings in psychology were successful 50% of the time.
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Dunbar (1993) found evidence of confirmation bias using a real-life research environment.
Dunbar (1993) found evidence of confirmation bias using a real-life research environment.
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Jacques Monod and François Jacob received the Nobel prize for solving a difficult research problem using a computer-based laboratory.
Jacques Monod and François Jacob received the Nobel prize for solving a difficult research problem using a computer-based laboratory.
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Nearly all the research presented at the conference in 1977 identified strengths with the levels-of-processing approach to memory.
Nearly all the research presented at the conference in 1977 identified strengths with the levels-of-processing approach to memory.
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When testing someone else’s hypothesis, there is more evidence of confirmation bias and less falsification.
When testing someone else’s hypothesis, there is more evidence of confirmation bias and less falsification.
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Cowley & Byrne (2005) argue that scientists' behavior is inconsistent with focusing on falsification rather than confirmation.
Cowley & Byrne (2005) argue that scientists' behavior is inconsistent with focusing on falsification rather than confirmation.
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Scientists' strategies in hypothesis testing aim to maximize the informativeness of the evidence obtained.
Scientists' strategies in hypothesis testing aim to maximize the informativeness of the evidence obtained.
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It is accurate to describe scientists' typical approach in hypothesis testing as 'confirmation bias'.
It is accurate to describe scientists' typical approach in hypothesis testing as 'confirmation bias'.
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Confirmation bias should only be used to characterize situations where scientists refuse to use the disconfirmatory strategy even when optimal.
Confirmation bias should only be used to characterize situations where scientists refuse to use the disconfirmatory strategy even when optimal.
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Participants in the study focused on explaining data inconsistent with activation hypotheses before testing all activation hypotheses.
Participants in the study focused on explaining data inconsistent with activation hypotheses before testing all activation hypotheses.
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Scientists generally adopt a confirmatory approach during hypothesis testing.
Scientists generally adopt a confirmatory approach during hypothesis testing.
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Fugelsang et al. found that over half of the experimental results in molecular biology were consistent with the scientists' predictions.
Fugelsang et al. found that over half of the experimental results in molecular biology were consistent with the scientists' predictions.
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The scientists blamed problems with their methods for 88% of the inconsistent findings.
The scientists blamed problems with their methods for 88% of the inconsistent findings.
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Scientists working on issues in molecular biology primarily focused on replication in bacteria, parasites, and viruses according to Kane and Webster (2013).
Scientists working on issues in molecular biology primarily focused on replication in bacteria, parasites, and viruses according to Kane and Webster (2013).
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In syllogistic reasoning, the conclusion's truth or falsity in the real world is irrelevant.
In syllogistic reasoning, the conclusion's truth or falsity in the real world is irrelevant.
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All girl guides are children according to the premises provided.
All girl guides are children according to the premises provided.
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Belief bias can lead individuals to accept invalid conclusions if they are believable.
Belief bias can lead individuals to accept invalid conclusions if they are believable.
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Klauer et al. (2000) only investigated belief bias superficially.
Klauer et al. (2000) only investigated belief bias superficially.
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Half of the syllogisms in Klauer et al.'s study were found to be valid.
Half of the syllogisms in Klauer et al.'s study were found to be valid.
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Participants in Klauer et al.'s study were accurately informed about the percentage of valid syllogisms.
Participants in Klauer et al.'s study were accurately informed about the percentage of valid syllogisms.
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Belief bias can lead individuals to reject valid conclusions if they are unbelievable.
Belief bias can lead individuals to reject valid conclusions if they are unbelievable.
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A syllogism involving 'All fish are trout' was deemed to be unbelievable in Klauer et al.'s study.
A syllogism involving 'All fish are trout' was deemed to be unbelievable in Klauer et al.'s study.
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Participants were limited in time to reconsider their initial answer and provide a final analytic answer.
Participants were limited in time to reconsider their initial answer and provide a final analytic answer.
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Participants were more likely to change their intuitive answer when they had high feelings of rightness.
Participants were more likely to change their intuitive answer when they had high feelings of rightness.
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Thompson et al. (2013b) studied syllogistic reasoning in their research on feeling-of-wrongness ratings.
Thompson et al. (2013b) studied syllogistic reasoning in their research on feeling-of-wrongness ratings.
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Participants first produced a fast, intuitive response and then a slower, more deliberate response in the study conducted by Thompson et al. (2013b).
Participants first produced a fast, intuitive response and then a slower, more deliberate response in the study conducted by Thompson et al. (2013b).
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Participants did not provide any feeling-of-rightness rating in the study conducted by Thompson et al. (2013b).
Participants did not provide any feeling-of-rightness rating in the study conducted by Thompson et al. (2013b).
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Meta-reasoning involves the assessment of knowledge and strategies during problem solving.
Meta-reasoning involves the assessment of knowledge and strategies during problem solving.
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The approximate time courses of reasoning and meta-reasoning processes are not illustrated in Figure 14.6.
The approximate time courses of reasoning and meta-reasoning processes are not illustrated in Figure 14.6.
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Analytic processing is not part of the reasoning timeline depicted in Figure 14.6.
Analytic processing is not part of the reasoning timeline depicted in Figure 14.6.
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In the context of deductive reasoning paradigms, subjects are shown completed syllogisms to determine their validity in verification or evaluation paradigms.
In the context of deductive reasoning paradigms, subjects are shown completed syllogisms to determine their validity in verification or evaluation paradigms.
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All dancers are singers and all lawyers are singers is a valid conclusion in selection paradigms.
All dancers are singers and all lawyers are singers is a valid conclusion in selection paradigms.
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In construction or production paradigms for deductive reasoning, subjects have to generate the conclusion based on given premises.
In construction or production paradigms for deductive reasoning, subjects have to generate the conclusion based on given premises.
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In deductive reasoning studies, it was found that all psychologists are crazy people, and no happy people are psychologists.
In deductive reasoning studies, it was found that all psychologists are crazy people, and no happy people are psychologists.
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Participants in selection paradigms are often asked to choose the invalid conclusion from a set of options.
Participants in selection paradigms are often asked to choose the invalid conclusion from a set of options.
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Subjects in verification or evaluation paradigms must determine the validity of displayed syllogisms by checking if they are believable in real life.
Subjects in verification or evaluation paradigms must determine the validity of displayed syllogisms by checking if they are believable in real life.
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In construction or production paradigms, participants have to generate conclusions that logically follow from the given premises.
In construction or production paradigms, participants have to generate conclusions that logically follow from the given premises.
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The statement 'All psychologists are crazy people' would be considered a valid conclusion in deductive reasoning studies.
The statement 'All psychologists are crazy people' would be considered a valid conclusion in deductive reasoning studies.
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Participants in selection paradigms must choose a conclusion that logically follows from the provided premises.
Participants in selection paradigms must choose a conclusion that logically follows from the provided premises.
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'No happy people are psychologists' can be considered a valid conclusion in construction or production paradigms for deductive reasoning.
'No happy people are psychologists' can be considered a valid conclusion in construction or production paradigms for deductive reasoning.
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Less intelligent individuals generate logic-based responses faster than belief-based ones.
Less intelligent individuals generate logic-based responses faster than belief-based ones.
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Type 2 reasoning is triggered when conflict monitoring leads to conflict detection.
Type 2 reasoning is triggered when conflict monitoring leads to conflict detection.
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Meta-reasoning assesses the probability of success in reasoning and problem-solving activities.
Meta-reasoning assesses the probability of success in reasoning and problem-solving activities.
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Feeling of rightness is determined based on the complexity of content.
Feeling of rightness is determined based on the complexity of content.
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All psychologists are happy people according to Thompson et al., 2018.
All psychologists are happy people according to Thompson et al., 2018.
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Scientists primarily focus on replication in bacteria, parasites, and viruses according to Kane and Webster (2013).
Scientists primarily focus on replication in bacteria, parasites, and viruses according to Kane and Webster (2013).
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Participants in the study produced fast responses that were more often logically incorrect than correct.
Participants in the study produced fast responses that were more often logically incorrect than correct.
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Type 2 reasoning intervenes when the feeling of rightness is strong.
Type 2 reasoning intervenes when the feeling of rightness is strong.
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Participants were asked to choose the valid conclusion from a set of options in selection paradigms.
Participants were asked to choose the valid conclusion from a set of options in selection paradigms.
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'All girl guides are children' would be considered a valid conclusion in deductive reasoning studies.
'All girl guides are children' would be considered a valid conclusion in deductive reasoning studies.
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