60 Questions
Participants mostly produce negative tests that conform to their hypothesis.
False
Participants expect to receive 'No' as the answer for tests like 12-8-4.
True
According to Tweney et al. (1980), participants were informed to identify only one rule in mind.
False
Over 50% of participants produced the correct answer on their first attempt with the standard problem.
False
DAX rule requires any three numbers in descending order.
False
Participants had to try to disconfirm the DAX rule to identify it.
False
'1-4-9' is an example of a disconfirmatory test.
True
The success rate of participants on the 2-4-6 task is high.
False
According to Popper (1968), a crucial feature of all truly scientific theories is falsifiability.
True
Scientists should focus on confirmation rather than falsification because the latter cannot be achieved.
False
A recent study found that attempts to replicate 100 findings in psychology were successful 50% of the time.
False
Dunbar (1993) found evidence of confirmation bias using a real-life research environment.
False
Jacques Monod and François Jacob received the Nobel prize for solving a difficult research problem using a computer-based laboratory.
False
Nearly all the research presented at the conference in 1977 identified strengths with the levels-of-processing approach to memory.
False
When testing someone else’s hypothesis, there is more evidence of confirmation bias and less falsification.
False
Cowley & Byrne (2005) argue that scientists' behavior is inconsistent with focusing on falsification rather than confirmation.
False
Scientists' strategies in hypothesis testing aim to maximize the informativeness of the evidence obtained.
True
It is accurate to describe scientists' typical approach in hypothesis testing as 'confirmation bias'.
False
Confirmation bias should only be used to characterize situations where scientists refuse to use the disconfirmatory strategy even when optimal.
True
Participants in the study focused on explaining data inconsistent with activation hypotheses before testing all activation hypotheses.
False
Scientists generally adopt a confirmatory approach during hypothesis testing.
True
Fugelsang et al. found that over half of the experimental results in molecular biology were consistent with the scientists' predictions.
False
The scientists blamed problems with their methods for 88% of the inconsistent findings.
True
Scientists working on issues in molecular biology primarily focused on replication in bacteria, parasites, and viruses according to Kane and Webster (2013).
False
In syllogistic reasoning, the conclusion's truth or falsity in the real world is irrelevant.
True
All girl guides are children according to the premises provided.
True
Belief bias can lead individuals to accept invalid conclusions if they are believable.
True
Klauer et al. (2000) only investigated belief bias superficially.
False
Half of the syllogisms in Klauer et al.'s study were found to be valid.
True
Participants in Klauer et al.'s study were accurately informed about the percentage of valid syllogisms.
False
Belief bias can lead individuals to reject valid conclusions if they are unbelievable.
True
A syllogism involving 'All fish are trout' was deemed to be unbelievable in Klauer et al.'s study.
False
Participants were limited in time to reconsider their initial answer and provide a final analytic answer.
False
Participants were more likely to change their intuitive answer when they had high feelings of rightness.
False
Thompson et al. (2013b) studied syllogistic reasoning in their research on feeling-of-wrongness ratings.
False
Participants first produced a fast, intuitive response and then a slower, more deliberate response in the study conducted by Thompson et al. (2013b).
True
Participants did not provide any feeling-of-rightness rating in the study conducted by Thompson et al. (2013b).
False
Meta-reasoning involves the assessment of knowledge and strategies during problem solving.
True
The approximate time courses of reasoning and meta-reasoning processes are not illustrated in Figure 14.6.
False
Analytic processing is not part of the reasoning timeline depicted in Figure 14.6.
False
In the context of deductive reasoning paradigms, subjects are shown completed syllogisms to determine their validity in verification or evaluation paradigms.
True
All dancers are singers and all lawyers are singers is a valid conclusion in selection paradigms.
False
In construction or production paradigms for deductive reasoning, subjects have to generate the conclusion based on given premises.
True
In deductive reasoning studies, it was found that all psychologists are crazy people, and no happy people are psychologists.
False
Participants in selection paradigms are often asked to choose the invalid conclusion from a set of options.
False
Subjects in verification or evaluation paradigms must determine the validity of displayed syllogisms by checking if they are believable in real life.
False
In construction or production paradigms, participants have to generate conclusions that logically follow from the given premises.
True
The statement 'All psychologists are crazy people' would be considered a valid conclusion in deductive reasoning studies.
False
Participants in selection paradigms must choose a conclusion that logically follows from the provided premises.
True
'No happy people are psychologists' can be considered a valid conclusion in construction or production paradigms for deductive reasoning.
True
Less intelligent individuals generate logic-based responses faster than belief-based ones.
False
Type 2 reasoning is triggered when conflict monitoring leads to conflict detection.
True
Meta-reasoning assesses the probability of success in reasoning and problem-solving activities.
True
Feeling of rightness is determined based on the complexity of content.
False
All psychologists are happy people according to Thompson et al., 2018.
False
Scientists primarily focus on replication in bacteria, parasites, and viruses according to Kane and Webster (2013).
False
Participants in the study produced fast responses that were more often logically incorrect than correct.
False
Type 2 reasoning intervenes when the feeling of rightness is strong.
False
Participants were asked to choose the valid conclusion from a set of options in selection paradigms.
False
'All girl guides are children' would be considered a valid conclusion in deductive reasoning studies.
False
Test your knowledge on scientists' strategies in hypothesis testing, including the concepts of confirmation bias and confirmation heuristic. Learn about maximizing evidence informativeness and the importance of disconfirmatory strategies in scientific research.
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