Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of goggles in a laboratory setting?
The NFPA symbols indicate the level of hazard of a substance in four areas: health, flammability, reactivity, and physical hazard.
True
What is the primary purpose of WHMIS symbols?
To identify the hazards of a substance
The periodic table is arranged in rows called ______________.
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Which chemical family is the most stable?
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Match the following chemical families with their number of valence electrons:
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Elements form ions to gain stability by mimicking the noble gases.
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Why do elements form ions?
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Why do atoms form ions?
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The Lewis dot diagram for Na has 8 electrons in its outer shell.
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What is the difference between ionic and covalent compounds?
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The Stock system of naming compounds was developed to differentiate between different possibilities of _______________________ charges among certain elements.
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Match the following ions with the noble gas they have the same electron shell arrangement as:
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What is the correct formula for iron(II) chloride?
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Covalent compounds are formed between a metal and a non-metal.
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In a Lewis dot diagram, _______________________ electrons represent a full valence shell.
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Study Notes
Laboratory Safety and WHMIS
- Goggles protect eyes from hazardous materials
- Breaker is used for mixing substances and chemicals
- Importance of safety rules: ensure hazardous materials are disposed of safely and according to regulations to protect people and the environment
- WHMIS symbols and their matching classes must be identified
- Household Hazardous Product symbols must be identified
- NFPA symbols and the 4 areas of hazard shown must be understood
- A SDS (Safety Data Sheet) provides information on hazards, ingredients, and more
Chemistry in Action
Ion Formation
- Ions are formed by an element gaining or losing one or more electrons, resulting in a net charge
- Ions are formed to reach a more stable state, which is a full outer shell of electrons
Periodic Table
- The periodic table is arranged in rows called periods
- Elements in the same period have the same number of valence shells
- The 6 chemical families and their positions on the periodic table are:
- Alkali metals (left)
- Alkaline earth metals (left)
- Transition metals (middle)
- Chalcogens (right)
- Halogens (right)
- Noble gases (right)
- The 6 families and their number of valence electrons:
- Alkali metals: 1 electron
- Alkaline earth metals: 2 electrons
- Transition metals: various
- Chalogens: 6 electrons
- Halogens: 7 electrons
- Noble gases: 8 electrons
Chemical Families
- Most stable: noble gases
- Most reactive: alkali earth metals
- Elements form ions to mimic noble gases, which have a full outer shell
Bohr Model and Lewis Dot Diagrams
- Bohr model: [Na+1], [N-3]
- Lewis dot diagrams: Na, O, CCl4, H2O
- In a Lewis dot diagram, 8 electrons represent a full valence shell
Ionic Compounds
- Ion charge for the 6 families:
- Alkali metals: +1
- Alkaline earth metals: +2
- Chalogens: 2-
- Halogens: 1-
- Noble gases: neutral
- Transition metals: various
- Examples of ionic compounds: MgCl2, BaS, Na3P, NaCl, Fr2O
- Stock system of naming compounds: developed to differentiate between different possibilities of stable charges among certain elements
- Examples of compound naming using the Stock system: iron(II) chloride, gold (III) oxide, mercury (II) oxide, titanium (II) oxide, lead (IV) sulfide, copper(II) phosphide
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
- Ionic compounds: metal with a non-metal or cation with an anion
- Covalent compounds: both non-metals
- Examples of covalent compounds: nitrogen trichloride, carbon tetrachloride, phosphorus trifluoride, diarsenic trioxide, nitrogen trihydride
- Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding:
- Ionic bonding: donates electrons
- Covalent bonding: shares electrons
- Both involve electrons
- Both have electrons
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Description
Review laboratory safety procedures, equipment, and WHMIS symbols for science semester 2 exam. Learn about laboratory equipment, safety rules, and hazardous materials disposal.
