Science Reviewer - Breathing Process

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe sex cells that contain a single set of chromosomes?

Homologous

Haploid (correct)

Polyploid

Diploid

Which of the following disorders is an X-linked recessive disorder?

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (correct)

Sickle Cell Anemia

Down Syndrome

Cystic Fibrosis

Hypertrichosis pinnae Auris, a condition characterized by hairy ears, is passed from father to son. This characteristic is an example of which type of gene linkage?

X-linked

Autosomal dominant

Y-linked (correct)

Autosomal recessive

Which of the following traits are expressed exclusively in one gender due to their genetic expression?

Sex-limited traits Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sex-influenced traits from sex-linked traits?

Sex-influenced traits are expressed differently in two genders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the diaphragm during inhalation?

To contract and create more space for lung expansion Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that makes up about 55 percent of the total volume of blood?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

What vessels carry deoxygenated blood back towards the heart?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

To connect arteries and veins for nutrient exchange Signup and view all the answers

What role does plasma play in blood circulation?

To transport nutrients and hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs?

Pulmonary circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the septum in the heart?

To separate oxygen-rich blood from oxygen-poor blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

To transfer oxygen into the bloodstream and excrete carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is known as the 'voice box' and contains the vocal cords?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

What role do the cilia in the nostrils serve in the respiratory process?

To push particles out of the airways Signup and view all the answers

During which process does the diaphragm contract and move downward?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway for air entering the respiratory system?

Nose or mouth → pharynx → trachea → bronchi → alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the air inside the lungs during exhalation?

It is expelled out of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the majority of gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of systemic circulation?

It occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of a homozygous individual?

They have two identical forms of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What are the smallest blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What role does the diaphragm play in the respiratory system?

It assists in the mechanical process of breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about blood vessels is true?

Capillaries connect arteries and veins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of DNA?

Composed of nucleotides with specific nitrogenous bases. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosome is referred to as an autosome?

A non-sex chromosome common to both sexes. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a diploid organism?

A cell or organism that has paired chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Breathing Process

Breathing delivers oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide; essential for animal life.
Land animals obtain oxygen from the air via the nose or mouth.
The nasal cavity contains cilia that filter air for impurities.

Respiratory Pathway

The pharynx serves as a passage for both food and air, part of the respiratory and digestive systems.
The larynx acts as the voice box, housing vocal cords; the epiglottis prevents food from entering the airways.
The trachea (windpipe) transports air, is reinforced by cartilage, and splits into bronchi leading to bronchioles.

Gas Exchange

Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs; they facilitate oxygen absorption into the bloodstream.
Lungs consist of bronchioles, alveoli, blood vessels, and elastic tissue; crucial for respiration.
Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts, expanding chest cavity and drawing air in.

Circulatory System Function

Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs for reoxygenation.
Major components include the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Blood circulates through the body approximately every 60 seconds.

Blood Components

Blood plasma, making up 55% of blood volume, is a straw-colored fluid.
Red blood cells carry oxygen; white blood cells and platelets have different functions.

Blood Vessels

Arteries transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, except for pulmonary arteries carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs.
Veins return oxygen-poor blood to the heart; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs.
Capillaries are the smallest vessels, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange at the cellular level.

Heart Structure

The heart comprises four chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.
The septum separates the ventricles, preventing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Circulatory Pathways

Pulmonary circulation: between heart and lungs.
Systemic circulation: between heart and body, excluding lungs.
Coronary circulation: blood vessels supplying the heart muscle itself.

Genetics Overview

Genes are sections of chromosomes determining characteristics like skin color and height.
DNA consists of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Genetic Terminology

Homozygous: individual with two identical gene forms; influences true breeding traits.
Heterozygous: individual with different gene forms from each parent.
Autosomes: non-sex chromosomes present in both sexes; sex chromosomes determine gender differences.

Chromosome Types

Diploid: cells with paired chromosomes (23 pairs in humans), includes all non-sex cells.
Haploid: sex cells (egg and sperm) with a single chromosome set.

Sex-linked Traits

Traits located on X or Y chromosomes exhibit phenotypic expression based on chromosomal sex.
X-linked recessive disorders include color blindness and hemophilia, among others.
Y-linked disorders transmitted exclusively from father to son, such as hypertrichosis auris.

Special Genetic Traits

Sex-limited traits are autosomal, expressed in only one sex, while sex-influenced traits express differently in males and females.

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Description

This reviewer covers the essential concepts of breathing and oxygen delivery in animals, emphasizing the importance of air pathways. Delve into how land animals utilize the nasal cavity and mouth for respiration, and discover the biological significance of these processes.