Science Quiz: Hypotheses and Light Phenomena
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a hypothesis?

  • Observing something
  • A conclusion based on evidence
  • A guess based on data
  • An explanation based on observations or reasoning (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative observation?

  • The length of a metal rod is 30 cm
  • The temperature of the liquid is 25°C
  • The mass of the apple is 150 grams
  • The sky is blue (correct)

Which characteristic is NOT true for planets?

  • All planets are gaseous (correct)
  • They can be terrestrial or gas giants
  • Gravity is influenced by size
  • Planets can have atmospheres

What phenomenon occurs when light bends as it enters a new medium?

<p>Refraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes comets?

<p>Composed of ice and dust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the absorption of light?

<p>Light is converted into energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When light passes through a prism, which color is refracted the least?

<p>Red (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which celestial body is characterized by having billions of stars and large amounts of gas and dust?

<p>Galaxy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are elements heavier than iron primarily formed?

<p>In supernovae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship exists between the mass of a star and its luminosity?

<p>Luminosity and mass are directly proportional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nuclear fusion process within a star?

<p>It converts hydrogen into helium as a star ages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased mass have on the gravitational force within a star?

<p>It increases the pressure and gravitational force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface temperature and color of a star as it becomes more massive?

<p>They increase and become bluer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stable atom characterized by?

<p>Not emitting radiation and having a stable structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of half-life?

<p>Time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the difference between isotopes and stable atoms?

<p>Both have the same number of protons but differ in neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when light passes through a new medium and bends?

<p>Refraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon provides evidence that light behaves like a wave?

<p>Double slit experiment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the inverse square law relate distance to light intensity?

<p>Intensity decreases with the square of the distance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during constructive interference of light waves?

<p>Two waves amplify each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of light can change due to the object it passes through, such as a prism?

<p>Color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the behavior of electrons creating light?

<p>Electrons emit light during energy transitions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does diffraction occur?

<p>Light bending around an object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following EM waves has the longest wavelength?

<p>Radio waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

<p>They are inversely proportional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spectrum is produced when light passes through hot, dilute gas?

<p>Emission spectrum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Doppler effect occurs due to what kind of motion?

<p>Relative motion between source and observer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the frequency of a wave as the source approaches an observer?

<p>The frequency increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation includes ultraviolet and x-rays?

<p>Ionizing radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Doppler effect of light primarily depend on?

<p>The relative motion between the source and the observer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light observed from a star that is moving away from the observer?

<p>The light experiences a redshift (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Hubble's Law?

<p>The distance of galaxies is proportional to their speed away from us (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)?

<p>It supports the theory of the Big Bang by indicating the early hot state of the universe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elemental abundances were primarily created during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?

<p>Hydrogen and Helium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a protostar from a fully formed star?

<p>A protostar has not yet reached nuclear fusion yet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which forces are balanced in a star during its main sequence phase?

<p>Thermal pressure and gravitational pull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the creation of heavier atomic nuclei from lighter ones in stars?

<p>Nucleosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do heavier elements beyond iron form in the universe?

<p>During the supernova explosions of massive stars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do larger mass protostars have shorter lifespans than smaller ones?

<p>Larger protostars burn through their fuel faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term blueshift indicate regarding an astronomical object?

<p>The object's light is shifted to higher frequency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the discovery of redshift in distant galaxies suggest for the Big Bang theory?

<p>The universe is expanding from a single point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Wilson and Penzias discover cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)?

<p>By testing their antenna and finding persistent microwave radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency according to the Doppler effect?

<p>As wavelength increases, frequency decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inference

A conclusion drawn from evidence or observations.

Prediction

A statement predicting the outcome of an event based on data or observations.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observation, often testable through experimentation.

Quantitative Observation

Observations based on numerical measurements.

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Qualitative Observation

Observations that describe qualities, characteristics, or appearances.

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Emission of Light

The process of light being emitted from a source.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

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Dispersion

The separation of white light into its different wavelengths (colors).

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Straight Light Travel

Light travels in a straight line, causing a shadow when an object obstructs its path.

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Inverse Square Law

The inverse square law states that the intensity of light decreases with the square of the distance from the source.

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Absorption and Emission

The process of light interacting with matter, resulting in the absorption of specific wavelengths and emission of others.

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Color, Frequency, Wavelength

The relationship between the color of light, its frequency, and wavelength. Higher frequency means shorter wavelength and bluer light.

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Wavelength, Frequency, Energy

The relationship between wavelength, frequency, and energy, where higher frequency means shorter wavelength and higher energy.

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Electron Transitions

The process where excited electrons in atoms or molecules release energy as light, resulting in different colors depending on the energy transition.

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Trough

The lowest point of a wave.

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Crest

The highest point of a wave.

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Wavelength

The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs.

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Amplitude

How high or low a wave is from its resting position.

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Frequency

The number of waves passing a point in a given time.

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Doppler effect of light

The apparent change in the frequency of light observed by an observer due to the relative motion between the source of light and the observer.

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Redshift

Shifting of light towards lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) indicating the source is moving away from the observer.

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Blueshift

Shifting of light towards higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) indicating the source is moving towards the observer.

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Hubble's Law

The observation that galaxies are moving away from each other at speeds proportional to their distance from us. This supports the idea of an expanding universe.

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Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)

The faint remnant glow of the Big Bang, distributed uniformly across the universe. It serves as a key piece of evidence supporting the Big Bang theory.

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Nucleosynthesis

The process of forming new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons). This process releases immense amounts of energy and is the source of energy for stars.

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Nuclear Fusion

The process of combining two or more atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process. This is the primary source of energy in stars.

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Protostar

The initial stage of star formation. A collapsing cloud of gas and dust that is not yet hot enough to sustain nuclear fusion.

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Nebula

A large cloud of gas and dust in space, often the birthplace of new stars.

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Stellar Collapse

The process of a star collapsing under its own gravity after it exhausts its nuclear fuel. This can lead to a supernova explosion.

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Supernova

A powerful explosion that occurs at the end of a star's life cycle. Supernovae are responsible for the creation of many heavy elements heavier than iron.

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Main Sequence

The main sequence is a stage in a star's life cycle during which it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core.

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Reflection Nebula

A large cloud of gas and dust that is illuminated and heated by a nearby star, often glowing brightly.

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Emission Nebula

A large cloud of gas and dust that is heated by a nearby star, causing it to glow.

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Planetary Nebula

A faint glow of light emitted from a star as it exhausts its nuclear fuel.

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Black Hole

A star that has collapsed under its own gravity and become incredibly dense, with a very strong gravitational pull.

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Why are heavy elements formed in supernovae?

Elements heavier than iron (Fe) are formed only in the explosive environment of a supernova. These powerful events provide the necessary energy and pressure for nuclear reactions to create heavier elements through a process called nucleosynthesis.

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How does a star's mass relate to the elements it creates?

The mass of a star determines its evolution and the elements it produces. Smaller stars primarily fuse hydrogen and helium, while more massive stars progress through a series of nuclear reactions to create heavier elements up to iron.

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Describe the life stages of a star

A star's life cycle progresses through various stages: Main Sequence: Fusion of hydrogen into helium. Red Giant: Expansion due to core helium fusion. White Dwarf: Cooling remnant after fusion stops. Neutron Star/Black Hole: The fate of massive stars after supernovae.

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Describe the life cycle of the Sun

The sun's life cycle is relatively calm compared to more massive stars. It will eventually become a red giant and then a white dwarf, but it won't experience a supernova.

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How do gravity and pressure affect a star's life cycle?

The balance between gravity pulling inward and outward pressure from nuclear fusion dictates a star's stability. A star's mass influences both forces. More mass means stronger gravity, requiring more intense fusion to balance it.

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What are isotopes?

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This variation in neutrons affects an atom's atomic mass but not its chemical properties.

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What's the difference between stable and radioactive isotopes?

Stable isotopes do not emit radiation, while radioactive isotopes undergo decay, transforming into other elements or isotopes. This process involves the release of energy in the form of radiation.

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Define half-life and how it's calculated

Radioactive decay involves the transformation of an unstable nucleus into a more stable one. The half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It's a constant value for each radioactive isotope.

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Study Notes

Observation vs Inference, Astronomical Bodies, and Light Properties

  • Observation: Directly perceiving something using your senses.
  • Inference: A conclusion drawn from evidence (observation+reasoning).
  • Prediction: A forecast based on data/observations.
  • Hypothesis: A proposed explanation based on observations/reasoning.
  • Qualitative observation: Describing characteristics (e.g., color).
  • Quantitative observation: Data based on numbers (e.g., weight).

Celestial Bodies

  • Stars:
    • Vary in size and brightness, depending on distance from Earth.
    • Temperature determines color.
    • Larger stars have shorter lifespans.
    • Formed from gas/dust clouds.
  • Planets:
    • Vary in size and mass, which influences gravity.
    • Two main types (rocky/terrestrial and gas/ice giants).
    • Atmospheric composition (e.g., carbon dioxide) affects temperature.
  • Comets:
    • Composed of ice and dust; exhibit tails.
    • Categorized into short-period and long-period comets.
  • Asteroids:
    • Rocky, typically small.
    • Some have orbits that bring them close to Earth.
  • Meteors:
    • Bright streaks of light across the night sky.
  • Meteorites:
    • Meteors that survive atmospheric entry and land on Earth.
  • Galaxies:
    • Contain billions of stars.
    • Composed of significant amounts of gas and dust.
    • Can rotate and collide.

Light Properties

  • Emission: Light given off.
  • Reflection: Light bouncing off a surface.
  • Absorption: Light turned into energy.
  • Conversion: Changing the form of light.
  • Refraction: Light bending as it enters a new medium.
  • Dispersion: Separating white light into its constituent wavelengths (e.g., rainbow).

Prisms and Color Vision

  • Prisms refract and disperse light, separating it into ROYGBIV wavelengths (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet).
  • Color perception: Our eyes perceive different wavelengths as colors; white is all wavelengths reflected, black is all absorbed.

Light's Nature

  • Light travels in straight lines (shadow formation).
  • Light demonstrates wave-like behavior (double-slit experiment).
  • Light also displays particle-like properties (e.g., photoelectric effect).

Refraction and Diffraction

  • Refraction: Occurs when light changes speed as it enters a new material, causing it to bend (e.g., pencil in water).
  • Diffraction: Evidence that light is a wave, as light bends around objects.

Light Intensity and Distance

  • Inverse square law: Light intensity weakens with the square of the distance from the source.

Light as a Wave

  • Properties confirming light as a wave: Diffraction, Interference, Refraction, Reflection.

Relationships

  • Color, frequency, and wavelength are related.
  • Wavelength, frequency, and energy are inversely proportional to each other (shorter wavelength = higher frequency = higher energy).
  • Constructive and destructive interference are evidence of wave-like behavior.

Light Creation and Color

  • Electrons in atoms emit light of specific colors/wavelengths.

Waves

  • Crest: Highest point of a wave.
  • Trough: Lowest point of a wave.
  • Wavelength: Distance between successive crests.
  • Amplitude: Height of a wave from the midline.
  • Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per unit time.
  • Waves transmit energy.

Scientific Notation

  • Expresses numbers as a product of a factor and a power of 10.

EM Spectrum

  • Electromagnetic waves (radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma) differ in wavelength, frequency, and energy.
  • Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to damage cells/DNA.

Spectra

  • Continuous spectrum: A spectrum that covers a wide range of wavelengths, such as when a rainbow separates white light.
  • Emission spectrum: Shows distinct frequencies emitted by an element (pattern is unique per element).
  • Absorption spectrum: Shows frequencies absorbed by an element (complement of the emission spectrum).
  • Spectra reveal element composition of stars.

Doppler Effect

  • The apparent change in frequency of a wave emitted by a moving source (sound or light).
  • Redshift: Moving away from observer, longer wavelengths.
  • Blueshift: Moving towards observer, shorter wavelengths.
  • Doppler effect doesn't change the wave's actual properties (only perceived features).

Hubble's Law

  • Distant galaxies show redshift.
  • The farther the galaxy, the faster it's receding..

Big Bang Theory

  • Evidence: Redshift of galaxies, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), elemental abundance.
  • CMBR: Remnant heat from the Big Bang, discovered through radio telescope.
  • Nucleosynthesis: Formation of elements (H, He) in the early universe.
  • Star formation: Formation of elements up to iron is in stars, heavier elements in supernovae.

Stellar Evolution

  • Star formation: Nebulae → protostar → star.
  • Nucleosynthesis/fusion: Creating new elements by combining lighter nuclei and releasing energy.
  • Main sequence stars: Balanced forces (gravity, internal pressure).
  • Stages: Protostar → main sequence → red giant → white dwarf (or other remnants depending on mass). Stages/characteristics based on mass of star, such as red giant vs. neutron star.

Atomic Structure and Isotopes

  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Atom structure: Nucleus (protons, neutrons), electrons.
  • Half-life: Time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.

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