Science Quiz: Cloning, Daylight, and Lip Gloss

Cloning

• Dolly was a cloned sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell.
• Dolly was identical to sheep 1.
• Cloning involves copying from a single master copy.
• A very small piece, meaning a cell, was taken from the udder of the adult sheep.
• The nucleus of the cell was transferred into an egg cell, that had its own nucleus removed.
• The manipulated egg was implanted into another sheep (where Dolly was created from).
• Scientists believe cloning humans may be possible in the future, although many governments have established legal restrictions on human cloning.

Daylight

• The Earth's rotation on its axis causes daylight and darkness.
• The Earth's tilted axis is responsible for the changing seasons.
• On June 2022, the longest day of the year for the Northern Hemisphere occurred, whilst the shortest day occurred in Australia (Melbourne).
• The longest day in the Southern Hemisphere occurs in December.

Lip Gloss

• Lip gloss contains oils and waxes, which mix well together.
• Oils and waxes do not mix well with water.
• If water is splashed into lip gloss while being heated, the mixture will form fatty lumps that float on top of the water.

Wind Farms

• Wind farms use windmills with blades that turn generators that produce electricity.
• The amount of wind is variable, and some areas have more consistent wind than others.
• Wind speeds vary throughout the year.
• The best place for wind farms is in locations with the most consistent high wind speeds.

Ozone

• Ozone is important for sustaining life on Earth, acting as a protective shield to absorb harmful ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation.
• Ozone found in the troposphere (lower atmosphere) is harmful to living things and is considered "bad" ozone.
• Conversely, ozone in the stratosphere is good, preventing UV radiation that is harmful to living things.
• Ozone that forms during or after thunderstorms is "bad" ozone, and is formed in the troposphere.

Meteoroids and Craters

• Rocks in space that enter Earth's atmosphere are called meteoroids.
• Meteoroids heat up and glow as they fall through the atmosphere.
• Most meteoroids burn up before hitting Earth's surface.
• When a meteoroid hits Earth's surface, it can create a crater.
• As a meteoroid approaches Earth and enters the atmosphere it speeds up because it is attracted to the mass of the Earth.

Bread Dough

• Fermentation causes dough to rise.
• The rise is due to the production of carbon dioxide gas by yeast.
• Yeast (a single-celled fungus) transforms starch and sugar in the flour to carbon dioxide and alcohol when fermented.

Major Surgery

• Major surgery is performed in specially equipped operating rooms on patients who are ill requiring major interventions and procedures.
• Patients undergoing major surgery are frequently given drips containing water, sugars, salts, and sometimes antibiotics or tranquilizers.
• Sugars are added to the drip to help with patient nutrition as patients may not be able to have food or drink following the surgery.
• The drip solutions help with patient wellness by delivering necessary nutrition.

Mary Montagu

• Mary Montagu discovered a method of inoculation during her travels to Turkey and experimented with her son and daughter.
• She observed that inoculation or scratching a weak form of smallpox into the skin of healthy young people to develop some immunity without causing severe illness and possibly death from illness.
• Edward Jenner later built upon the work of Montagu and others, developing vaccinations to prevent the more significant disease of smallpox and others.
• The antibodies made by the body attack bacteria before they can multiply causing harm.

Sustainable Fish Farming

• Sustainable fish farming addresses the increasing demand for seafood without harming wild populations.
• Key challenges of sustainable fish farms include feeding farmed fish and maintaining water quality.
• Sustainable farms have a continuous flow of clean ocean water, removing waste from the water before returning to the ocean.
• Sustainable farms grow food to feed the fish, and remove excess food and nutrients.
• Microalgae and other organisms are used in sustainable fish farms.