Cloning and Cell Potency Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of shocking the donor nucleus with electrical pulses in the process of cloning?

To fuse the donor nucleus with the enucleated egg cell (correct)

To stimulate cell division in the egg cell

To activate the genes in the donor nucleus

To remove the nucleus from the donor cell

What is the degree of potency found in cells that can develop a whole organism on their own?

Pluripotency

Totipotency (correct)

Multipotency

Monopotency

What is the main difference between monozygotic twins in terms of their DNA?

They have different gene expression patterns

They have different numbers of chromosomes

They have different epigenetic markings (correct)

They have different DNA sequences

What is the purpose of starving the donor nucleus in low nutrient culture medium?

To prepare the donor nucleus for fusion with the enucleated egg cell Signup and view all the answers

What is genomic imprinting an example of?

Epigenetic modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the degree of potency found in adult stem cells?

Differentiated cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cells with monopotency?

They can develop into one type of cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of removing the nucleus from the egg cell in the cloning process?

To allow the donor nucleus to fuse with the egg cell Signup and view all the answers

Which repair mechanism is responsible for fixing incorrectly paired nucleotides in DNA?

Mismatch repair Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is characterized by a purine being substituted for a pyrimidine?

Transversion mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways is NOT involved in repairing double-strand DNA breaks?

Base excision repair Signup and view all the answers

What describes a missense mutation?

A mutation that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another Signup and view all the answers

In which repair pathway are bulky DNA lesions removed?

Nucleotide excision repair Signup and view all the answers

How many possible scenarios are there for a transition mutation?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation can potentially lead to a longer protein sequence?

Missense mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway directly restores altered nucleotides to their original form?

Direct DNA repair Signup and view all the answers

A substitution that does not alter the amino acid sequence is classified as what type of mutation?

Silent mutation Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a histone sequence that is likely to undergo acetylation?

Presence of amino acids R and K Signup and view all the answers

What does PAGE stand for in molecular biology?

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis?

To detect variations in single base pairs Signup and view all the answers

What does copy-number variation (CNV) indicate?

The presence of repeat sequences in the genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in genomic analysis?

To create genetic markers and analyze DNA fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), what is primarily investigated?

Associations between genetic variants and diseases Signup and view all the answers

How are genetic markers identified using RFLP techniques?

By observing the length of DNA fragments after restriction enzyme digestion Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of using SNPs in genetic research?

They are useful for understanding phenotypic variations and disease susceptibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for analyzing copy-number variations (CNVs) in genetic studies?

To identify contributors to complex traits and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of comparing the genome of a healthy person against that of a sick person?

To identify stroke-risk genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization)?

To locate or view a gene on a chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of CRISPR RNA's and Cas proteins in gene editing?

To target genes for DNA deletion, insertion, replacement, or modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of CHIP (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation)?

To identify DNA binding sites of a specific protein and the locations of modified histone proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Haplotype in genetics?

To study SNPs on a single chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of acetylation in epigenetics?

Loosening of DNA that allows transcription to occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of methylation in epigenetics?

Addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of RNA-seq?

To determine the expression of genes in a genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting RNA to cDNA called in RNA-seq?

Reverse transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of copies of the gene produced after 20 cycles of PCR if two copies of the gene are present in the starting material?

2 x 2^20 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between somatic mutations and germ-line mutations?

The type of cell affected Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of apoptosis?

Involves DNA damage or mitochondrial damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?

To cleave other proteins at specific sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a germ-line mutation in a parent?

The mutation is passed on to sons and daughters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of somatic mutations?

The development of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

The genetic control of the process Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a somatic mutation in a cell?

The mutation is passed on to daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in apoptosis?

To degrade the nuclear genome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Repair Mechanisms

Base excision repair fixes damaged bases, while mismatch repair corrects incorrectly paired nucleotides.
Nucleotide excision repair addresses bulky DNA lesions.
Direct DNA repair reverses altered nucleotides to their original forms.
Double-strand breaks are repaired through homologous recombination or nonhomologous end joining.

Types of Mutations

Transition mutations: Substitution of a purine for another purine (A↔G) or a pyrimidine for another pyrimidine (C↔T).
Transversion mutations: Substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa, leading to eight possible combinations.
Missense mutations: Change a codon resulting in a different amino acid or change a stop codon to an amino acid codon.
Nonsense mutations: Convert a codon into a stop codon, terminating protein synthesis prematurely.
Silent mutations: Codon changes that do not affect the protein sequence due to redundancy in the genetic code.
Neutral mutations: Alterations that do not affect fitness or phenotype.

Histone Acetylation

Histone sequences rich in arginine (R) and lysine (K) are more likely to be acetylated, loosening DNA and promoting transcription.

Transcriptome

The complete set of all RNAs encoded by the genome, crucial in functional genomics.

SNP and CNV

SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism): Variation at a single base pair in DNA, essential for genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
CNV (Copy-Number Variation): Changes in the number of copies of particular DNA sequences, often linked to diseases like autism.

RFLP

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP): Used to create genetic markers for analysis and disease mapping based on variations in DNA fragment lengths.

GWAS

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS): Identify genetic variants linked to diseases by comparing genomes of healthy vs. afflicted individuals.

FISH

Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH): Technique used to visualize the location of specific genes or mRNA in cells/tissues using fluorescent probes.

CRISPR

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR): A gene-editing technology that alters DNA through Cas proteins and CRISPR RNAs.

ChIP

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP): Method used to identify DNA-binding sites of proteins, important for epigenetic studies.

Haplotype

Variation of DNA on a single chromosome used to study SNPs within specific genetic regions (HapMap project).

RNA-seq

Technique used to sequence entire RNA populations, determining gene expression levels and analyzing the transcriptome.

Epigenetics

Acetylation: Addition of acetyl groups to histone tails, promoting gene expression by loosening DNA structure.
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA, typically silencing gene expression.

Totipotency and Cell Potency

Totipotency: Ability of a single cell to develop into an entire organism.
Pluripotency: Cells can develop into most body cells, except for placental cells.
Multipotency: Cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
Monopotency: Cells that can only develop into one specific cell type, such as red blood cells.

Monozygotic Twins

Share identical DNA but may differ in epigenetics and phenotype due to environmental effects and gene expression changes over time.

Genomic Imprinting

An epigenetic mechanism that determines gene expression based on parental origin, often associated with methylation that silences gene activity.

Somatic vs. Germ-line Mutations

Somatic Mutations: Occur in somatic cells, not passed to offspring, often associated with cancer development.
Germ-line Mutations: Occur in gametes, inherited across generations, can impact future offspring's phenotype.

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, an energy-dependent process that eliminates damaged cells.
Necrosis: Unprogrammed cell death resulting from injury or disease, often causing inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the processes involved in cloning, including the significance of shocking donor nuclei and the differences between monozygotic twins. Explore concepts like genomic imprinting and the potency of various stem cells. This quiz will challenge your understanding of developmental biology.