Questions and Answers
Which type of force is generated when two surfaces slide against each other?
The Law of Inertia states that an object in motion will stop unless acted upon by an external force.
True
What is the formula that relates force, mass, and acceleration?
F = ma
When forces are ______ in magnitude and act in opposite directions, they are considered balanced forces.
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Match the type of energy with its description:
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What occurs when unequal forces act on the body?
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The total energy of a closed system can be created or destroyed.
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What is the main difference in the net force between balanced and unbalanced forces?
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What type of energy is associated with the position or height of an object?
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Kinetic energy is the energy of stored motion.
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What is the formula for calculating potential energy?
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The speed of sound in dry air at 0 degrees Celsius is approximately _____ m/s.
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Match the terms with their definitions:
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Which factor does NOT affect the speed of sound?
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Light can travel through a vacuum.
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Which color of light has the shortest wavelength?
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What is the unit of measurement for current?
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Heat is the degree of hotness measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
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Name one phase transition that absorbs heat.
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The flow of electrical charge carriers in a wire is known as ______.
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Which physicist is known as the founder of classical electromagnetism?
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Match the following electrical terms with their definitions:
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Voltage is the quantity of heat in a system.
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The unit of voltage is ______.
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What does the formula V = IR represent?
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In a series circuit, if one component fails, the entire circuit will still work.
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Who is known as the 'Father of electricity'?
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A __________ circuit allows current to divide among multiple branches, so if one branch fails, the others still function.
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What is an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) used for?
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Match the electrical terms with their definitions:
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Thermal hazards occur when there is electrical overheating.
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What occurs in a short circuit?
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Study Notes
Types of Forces
- Friction: Force generated by the contact and sliding of two surfaces.
- Tension: Force transmitted through a rope, string, or wire when pulled from opposite sides.
- Gravity: Attracts any two objects with mass toward each other.
- Normal Force: Prevents solid objects from passing through each other.
- Applied Force: Force exerted on an object by a person or another object.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Law of Inertia: Objects remain at rest or maintain motion unless acted upon by an external force; inertia is resistant to change in motion and is measured by mass.
- Law of Acceleration: Acceleration depends on force and mass, described by the formula F = ma; direct relationship with force and inverse with mass.
- Law of Interaction: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Balanced Forces: Equal in magnitude, net force is zero, resulting in no change in motion.
- Unbalanced Forces: Not equal in magnitude, net force is non-zero, resulting in a change in motion.
Combining Forces
- Formula: Fnet = Fg + Fn.
- Addition of forces with like signs, subtraction with unlike signs.
Kinetic and Potential Energy
- Energy: Ability to perform work; cannot be created or destroyed, only altered.
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, dependent on mass and velocity; calculated using formula ½ mv².
- Potential Energy: Stored energy based on position or height; calculated with PE = mgh (mass × gravity × height).
Sound Waves
- Sound is produced by vibrating objects; it is a longitudinal wave requiring a medium to travel.
- Speed Factors: Affected by the state of matter, temperature, and rigidity of the medium.
- Speed of Sound Formula: v = 331 m/s + 0.6 m/s/C (temperature).
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Key Concepts:
- Echo: Reflected sound.
- Reflection: Turning back of a wave upon hitting a barrier.
- Refraction: Change in speed of sound in different densities.
- Amplitude: Strength of sound waves, perceived as loudness.
- Reverberation: Multiple sound reflections.
Light Waves
- Visible Spectrum: The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye.
- Light can travel in a vacuum; wavelength inversely proportional to frequency and energy.
- Color Properties: Red has the longest wavelength (lowest frequency/energy); violet has the shortest (highest frequency/energy).
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Light Properties:
- Reflection: Bouncing back of light from smooth surfaces.
- Refraction: Bending of light between different mediums.
- Dispersion: Splitting of white light into colors due to wavelength differences.
Thermal Energy
- Transferred between objects due to temperature differences; total kinetic energy of particles.
- Heat Absorption Phases: Melting, evaporation, sublimation.
- Heat Release Phases: Freezing, condensation, deposition.
Temperature vs. Heat
- Temperature: Measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin; average kinetic energy degree of hotness (Symbol: T).
- Heat: Measured in calories, Joules; total kinetic energy quantity of hotness (Symbol: Q).
Current vs. Voltage
- Current: Flow of electrical charge carriers in a circuit; symbol I; measured in Amperes.
- Voltage: Electrical potential difference; symbol V; measured in Volts; causes current flow.
Resistance
- Opposes current flow, measured in ohms; described by relationship: V = IR (voltage = current × resistance).
- Current directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Series and Parallel Circuits
- Series Circuit: Single path for current; failure in one part affects the whole circuit.
- Parallel Circuit: Branching paths; if one branch fails, others continue functioning.
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Key Terms:
- Short circuit: Current takes a path with less or zero resistance.
- Grounded circuit: Current flows from positive conductor to the ground.
- Thermal hazard: Electrical overheating risk.
- Shock hazard: Current passing through a person.
Safety Devices
- Fuse: Melts if current exceeds its rating.
- Circuit Breaker: Opens switch during overload using electromagnets.
- Earthing/Grounding: Protects users by connecting appliances to the earth.
- UPS: Provides emergency power during disruptions.
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Description
This quiz reviews the various types of forces covered in Quarter 1 of your Science curriculum. Topics include friction, tension, gravity, normal force, and applied force among others. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in physics.
