Physics Key Concepts Overview

Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses; affects all objects with mass.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles; responsible for electricity and magnetism.
Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay; operates at subatomic levels.
Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus; strongest force but short-range.

First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
Second Law (F=ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion; KE = 1/2 mv² (m = mass, v = velocity).
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy based on position; gravitational PE = mgh (h = height).
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

First Law: Energy is conserved; internal energy change equals heat added minus work done by the system.
Second Law: Heat naturally flows from hot to cold; entropy of an isolated system always increases.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Wave Properties: Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Oscillations perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light).
- Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).
Sound: A longitudinal wave that travels through a medium; speed varies with medium density and temperature.

Reflection: Bouncing of light off surfaces; governed by the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes between different media; described by Snell's Law.
Lens Types:
- Convex: Converges light rays; can form real or virtual images.
- Concave: Diverges light rays; typically forms virtual images.

Electric Charge: Fundamental property of matter; exists as positive and negative charges.
Ohm's Law: V = IR (V = voltage, I = current, R = resistance).
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; depicted using field lines.

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit properties of both waves and particles.
Uncertainty Principle: Cannot simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle.

Special Relativity: Time and space are relative; the speed of light is constant in a vacuum for all observers.
General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

This overview provides a foundational understanding of key physics concepts, laws, and equations essential for further study.

Gravitational Force: The force of attraction acting between masses; affects all objects with mass, influencing orbits and falling objects.
Electromagnetic Force: Interaction among charged particles; governs electricity and magnetism, allowing for electric circuits and electromagnetic waves.
Weak Nuclear Force: Plays a crucial role in processes like radioactive decay; operates at very short distances, affecting particle interactions in the nucleus.
Strong Nuclear Force: The strongest force, holding protons and neutrons in the nucleus together; it operates at short ranges (within atomic nuclei).

First Law (Inertia): An object remains in its current state (rest or motion) unless affected by a net external force, illustrating the concept of inertia.
Second Law (F=ma): Describes how force, mass, and acceleration interact; the acceleration is proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
Third Law (Action-Reaction): Highlights that forces occur in pairs; every action produces an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy (KE): The energy associated with motion, calculated as KE = 1/2 mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy due to an object's position, with gravitational potential energy expressed as PE = mgh, where h is height above a reference point.
Conservation of Energy: A fundamental principle stating that energy in a closed system can be transformed but not created or destroyed.

First Law: States the conservation of energy principle; the change in internal energy is equal to heat added to the system minus work done.
Second Law: Describes the natural direction of heat flow (from hot to cold); introduces the concept of entropy, which tends to increase in isolated systems.
Third Law: As temperature nears absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero, suggesting perfect order at absolute zero.

Wave Properties: Key characteristics include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed, which collectively describe wave behavior.
Types of Waves:
- Transverse Waves: Oscillations occur perpendicular to the direction of wave travel; examples include light waves.
- Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations occur parallel to the wave's movement; sound waves exemplify this type.
Sound: A longitudinal wave traveling through a medium; its speed is influenced by medium density and temperature.

Reflection: The bouncing of light off surfaces; follows the law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Refraction: The bending of light when passing through different media, explained by Snell's Law.
Lens Types:
- Convex Lenses: Converge light rays; can create both real and virtual images depending on object placement.
- Concave Lenses: Diverge light rays; predominantly produce virtual images.

Electric Charge: A fundamental characteristic of matter resulting in positive and negative charges, essential for electrical interactions.
Ohm's Law: Describes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in an electrical circuit, expressed as V = IR.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by electric currents and moving charges, represented visually through magnetic field lines.

Wave-Particle Duality: Suggests that particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, particularly at the quantum level.
Uncertainty Principle: Asserts that it is impossible to precisely measure both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously.

Special Relativity: Introduces the concept that time and space are not absolute but relative; highlights that the speed of light remains constant for all observers in a vacuum.
General Relativity: Expands on special relativity by presenting gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

Kinematics: Describes motion with equations v = u + at and s = ut + 1/2at².
Work Done: Calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is distance, and θ is the angle between force and motion direction.
Power: Defined as P = W/t, representing the work done over time.