Science Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the best representation of 'energy' according to the text?

  • The measure of how much matter an object contains.
  • The ability to do work to accomplish some change. (correct)
  • Anything that occupies space.
  • A systematic approach to discovering new information.

A scientific law is an initial attempt to explain observations that has not yet been extensively tested.

False (B)

In the context of the scientific method, what term describes the individual result of a single measurement?

data

According to the particle theory of matter, all matter is composed of tiny ______.

<p>particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the state of matter with the description of its particle arrangement:

<p>Gas = Particles are widely separated with no definite shape or volume. Liquid = Particles are closer together, having a definite volume but no definite shape. Solid = Particles are very close together, defining a definite shape and volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is NOT a characteristic of matter according to the particle theory?

<p>Particles are stationary and do not move. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mixture is a pure substance that has only one component.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using models in chemistry?

<p>to aid in the understanding of a chemical unit or system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The systematic approach to discovering new information is known as the ______.

<p>scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between electrical and thermal conductivity?

<p>Electrical conductivity involves the movement of electrons, while thermal conductivity involves the transfer of heat energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment studying reaction rates, a scientist collects data on temperature changes. The recorded temperatures are best described as:

<p>Data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freezing point, melting point, boiling point, and density are considered qualitative properties because they are measurable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tungsten metal suitable for use as a filament in incandescent light bulbs?

<p>It has a high melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

The separation of magnetic iron from nonmagnetic substances is a physical property used in the ________ industry.

<p>recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a chemical property?

<p>Density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the clues with the type of change.

<p>Change of color = Chemical change Change of odour = Chemical change Change of state = Physical change Change of shape = Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical change, what is ALWAYS the result?

<p>A new substance is formed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST effective strategy for long-term retention of chemical facts, based on the science of learning?

<p>Consistent repetition of the material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical changes are not reversible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study cycle, it is more effective to study for long periods of time without breaks to maintain focus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture, where each substance retains its identity?

<p>Maintaining its original properties and composition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the study session format, what is the recommended duration for focused studying?

<p>30 to 50 min</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study session format, after taking a break, you should spend 5 minutes to ______ the material you just studied.

<p>review</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture regarding composition?

<p>Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition, while heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of chemistry as a field of science?

<p>The study of matter, its properties, and changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pure substance resulting from the combination of two or more different elements in a definite, reproducible way, in a fixed ratio is called a ______.

<p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the study cycle, what should you assess to determine what you need to study further?

<p>What you already know well. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mixtures is considered a 'mechanical mixture'?

<p>Salt and pepper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases of the study cycle with their descriptions:

<p>Preview Material = Skim content before class to familiarize yourself with the topics. Attend Class = Engage actively during lectures and discussions. Review Notes = Consolidate learning and identify areas for further study. Assess Knowledge = Evaluate understanding to focus study efforts effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a solution?

<p>A homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved in another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to matter as it undergoes chemical or physical changes?

<p>It gains or loses energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each substance category to its example:

<p>Element = Gold Compound = Water (H2O) Homogeneous Mixture = Apple Juice Heterogeneous Mixture = Garden Salad</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solutions can only exist in liquid form.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pure substance compound?

<p>Water ($H_2O$) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physical change alters the composition of a substance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define viscosity and explain how it relates to the flow of a liquid.

<p>Viscosity is the ability of a liquid substance to flow. High viscosity means a thicker, slower-flowing liquid, while low viscosity indicates a runny, faster-flowing liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a metal substance to be bent or molded is known as ________.

<p>malleability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property describes the degree to which an object reflects light?

<p>Lustre (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Qualitative Property = Observed properties Quantitative Property = Properties measured numerically Opaque = Solid objects Transparent = Clear objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a substance can be stretched into a wire, which property does it exhibit?

<p>Ductility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conversion from one physical state to another is irreversible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Repetition in Learning

Repeated practice to enhance long-term information retention.

Study Cycle Steps

Preview, attend, review, study and assess.

Study Session Format

Establish a goal, study with focus, take breaks, and review material.

What is Chemistry?

The study of matter including its properties and changes.

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Solid

Substance with definite volume and shape.

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Liquid

Substance with definite volume but indefinite shape.

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Gas

Substance with indefinite volume and shape.

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Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

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Mixture

Substances that retain their individual identities when combined.

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Elements

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

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Compounds

Pure substances made of two or more elements chemically bonded together.

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Pure Substance

A substance consisting of only one type of element or compound.

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Element (Pure Substance)

A pure substance that cannot be broken down further chemically.

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Compound (Pure Substance)

A pure substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

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Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture with uniform composition throughout.

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Heterogeneous Mixture

Mixture with non-uniform composition, where components are easily distinguishable.

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Energy

The ability to do work to accomplish some change.

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to discovering new information involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis.

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Hypothesis

An attempt to explain observation(s) that requires testing.

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Data

The individual result of a single measurement.

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Scientific Law

Summary of a large quantity of information

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Models in Chemistry

Aid in the understanding of a chemical unit or system using everyday experience.

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Particle Theory of Matter

All matter is made of tiny particles, with spaces between them, in constant motion, and attracting each other.

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Properties of Matter

Characteristics of matter scientists use to categorize different types of matter.

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Three States of Matter

Gas particles are widely separated; liquid particles are closer, definite volume, no definite shape; solid particles are very close, definite shape and volume.

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Classes of Matter

Matter can be classified as either a pure substance (element or compound) or a mixture (homogeneous or heterogeneous).

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Qualitative Properties

Properties that can be observed without changing the substance.

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Quantitative Properties

Properties that can be measured numerically.

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Physical Properties

Properties observed using your senses without changing the substance's composition.

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Physical Change

A change in appearance without changing the composition; often reversible.

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Lustre

The degree to which an object reflects light; its shininess.

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Optical Clarity

The degree to which light penetrates an object (transparent, translucent, opaque).

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Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flow (thick vs. runny).

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Electrical Conductivity

The ability of a substance to conduct electricity.

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Thermal Conductivity

The ability of a substance to conduct heat.

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Freezing Point

Temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid.

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Melting Point

Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

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Boiling Point

Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.

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Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

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Chemical Property

A substance's ability to undergo changes in composition to form a new substance.

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Chemical Change

A change that results in a new substance being formed; Irreversible.

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Study Notes

  • Chemistry is the study of matter and associated changes; it can be categorized by chemical and physical properties.
  • Matter gains or loses energy when changes occure such as in particle theory.
  • Matter has mass and occupies space (volume).
  • Energy is the ability to do work or accomplish a change.
  • Chemistry plays a role in public health, medicine, food science, forensic science, and the pharmaceutical industry.
  • Repetition is central to learning chemistry, crucial for building long-term retention of facts, similat to building muscle through physical exercise.

Study Cycle Key Steps:

  • Preview material before class.
  • Attend class and be an active participant.
  • Review your notes soon after class.
  • Study using 3-5 short intense study sessions
  • Assess your knowledge to determine what to study further.

Study Session Format Key Steps:

  • Establish goal for the study session in about 2-5 minutes
  • Spend 30-50 minutes studying with focus.
  • Take a 5-10 minute break
  • Review the material for about 5 min after the break
  • Review all material for the week, once a week

The Scientific Method

  • The scientific method is a systematic approach to discovering new information.
  • Key steps include observation, formulating a question, pattern recognition, and developing a theory.
  • A theory is a hypothesis supported by extensive testing.
  • A hypothesis is an attempt to explain observations.
  • Experimentation involves gathering data.
  • Data represents the individual result of a single measurement, and results are the outcome of an experiment.
  • Information summarization is key, resulting in a scientific law: a summary of a large quantity of information.

Models in Chemistry

  • Models aid understanding of chemical units or systems and are often based on everyday experience.
  • Examples include ball and stick models, where color-coded balls represent atoms and sticks represent attractive forces.

The Particle Theory of Matter

  • All matter is made of tiny particles with spaces between them.
  • These particles are in constant random motion, moving faster when heated, and attracting each other.
  • Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles.

Classification of Matter

  • Properties are characteristics scientists use to categorize different types of matter.
  • Ways to categorize matter include by state (gas, liquid, solid) and by composition (pure substance, mixture).
  • In gas, particles are widely separated with no definite shape or volume.
  • In liquid, particles are closer together with a definite volume but no definite shape.
  • In solid, particles are very close together, defining both shape and volume.

Composition of Matter:

  • Pure substances have only one component.
  • Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances (e.g., carbon, gold, sulfur).
  • Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements (e.g., water, salt).
  • A combination of 2 or more pure substances defines a mixture and each substance retains its identity, without undergoing a chemical reaction.
  • Elements are pure substances which can't be changed into a simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction.
  • A compound results from the combination of two or more different elements in a definite, reproducible way and in a fixed ratio.
  • Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition, with well-mixed particles (e.g., air, juice).
  • Heterogeneous mixtures have nonuniform composition with random placement (e.g., salt & pepper, garden salad).
  • Mechanical mixtures are a type of mixture with distinguishable particles, also called a heterogeneous mixture.
  • Solutions occur when a substance is dissolved in another and the particles aren’t distinguishable, also called a homogeneous mixture (eg, salt water, apple juice).

Types of Properties:

  • Qualitative properties include color or odor.
  • Quantitative properties can be measured numerically.

Physicals Properties of Matter by Sense:

  • Physical properties can be measured or observed using the senses and include color, odor, taste, hardness, and texture.
  • Physical changes cause a recognizable difference in appearance without changing composition or identity.
  • Conversion from one physical state to another indicates a physical changes, and these changes are reversible (e.g., melting ice).
  • Lustre is the degree to which an object reflects light, describing shininess or dullness.
  • Optical clarity is the degree to which light penetrates an object (transparent, translucent, or opaque).
  • Brittleness describes the breakability or fragility of a material.
  • Viscosity is the ability of a liquid substance to flow; high viscosity means thicker liquid, low viscosity means runny liquid.
  • Malleability is the ability of a metal substance to be bent or molded.
  • Ductility refers to the ability of a substance to be stretched or drawn into strands.
  • Conductivity includes electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of a substance.
  • Characteristic physical properties, are quantitative and measurable, which can be used to identify a substance.
  • Tungsten with a high melting point, is an example and is used as a lightbulb filament.

Chemical Properties

  • Magnetic properties can be used for separation and recycling.
  • A chemical property refers to a substance's ability to undergo changes to its composition, producing a new substance.
  • Examples of chemical properties include reactivity, corrosivity, flammability, acidity/alkalinity, and radioactivity.
  • Chemical changes always result in a new substance being formed.
  • Indicators of a chemical change include a change of color or odor, formation of bubbles or precipitate, and the release of energy as light or heat.
  • Chemical changes are irreversible, like the process of hydrogen and oxygen reacting to form water.

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Test your knowledge of basic science concepts. Topics include energy representation, scientific laws, particle theory of matter, states of matter, mixtures, models in chemistry, and the scientific method.

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