Chemistry Basics and the Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

What is the most abundant element in living things?

  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen (correct)
  • Nitrogen
  • Carbon

    • Which statement correctly defines an isomer?

  • An atom that has gained or lost electrons
  • A compound made solely of covalent bonds
  • A molecule with a different number of atoms
  • A compound with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement (correct)

    • What happens when an element gives up an electron?

  • It becomes a cation. (correct)
  • It becomes stable regardless of charge.
  • It becomes an anion.
  • It remains neutral.

    • What distinguishes ionic bonding from covalent bonding?

    <p>Ionic bonds involve a transfer of electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water is primarily due to hydrogen bonding?

    <p>Low density as ice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do valence electrons determine the stability of an atom?

    <p>Atoms with full outer shells are stable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a neutral pH?

    <p>Exactly 7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in plant vasculature?

    <p>It facilitates movement through capillary action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes saturated fats?

    <p>They are solid at room temperature and have no double bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>It will swell and may burst due to water intake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?

    <p>They increase the activation energy of reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes osmosis?

    <p>The passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are channel proteins primarily used for?

    <p>Facilitating the diffusion of ions and small molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the plasma membrane?

    <p>It features a bilayer arrangement with hydrophilic heads facing the water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes prokaryotes?

    <p>They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>NADPH (A), Oxygen (B), ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and produces the highest amount of ATP?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

    <p>mRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which enzyme synthesizes the mRNA molecule?

    <p>RNA polymerase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA in the process of translation?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common concern regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>Impact on biodiversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the critical phase of the cell cycle known as interphase?

    <p>DNA is replicated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of DNA, and how does it influence its movement in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Negative; small fragments move faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Scientific Method Steps

    A systematic way of acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

    Independent Variable

    The variable that is intentionally changed in an experiment.

    Dependent Variable

    The variable that is measured or observed to see the effect of the independent variable.

    CHON elements

    Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. These are the most common elements in living things

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    Most abundant Element in living things

    Oxygen

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    Isotope

    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

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    Ionic vs Covalent Bonds

    Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

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    Hydrogen Bond

    A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom of another molecule.

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    Macromolecule structure

    The specific arrangement of atoms and molecules that form the macromolecule.

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    Enzyme properties

    Enzymes have 3 main properties: speed up reactions, are specific to their substrates, and are reusable.

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    Plasma membrane layers

    The plasma membrane is a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids.

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    Diffusion factors

    The rate of diffusion is affected by temperature, size of molecules, and concentration gradient.

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    Hypotonic solution

    A solution with a lower solute concentration than a cell.

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    Protein structure levels

    Proteins have 4 levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) describing the folding of the polypeptide chain.

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    Photosynthesis equation

    Light energy + water + carbon dioxide—> sugars + oxygen

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    Organelle functions

    Different organelles in a cell have specific roles (e.g., mitochondria produce energy).

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    Light-dependent reaction materials

    Light, water, and chlorophyll are used in the first stage of photosynthesis.

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    Cellular Respiration Equation

    Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

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    DNA vs. RNA

    DNA is double-stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, and the base thymine. RNA is single-stranded, uses ribose sugar and the base uracil.

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    Transcription location

    Transcription happens in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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    Codon definition

    A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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    Translation location

    Translation takes place in the cytoplasm and ribosomes.

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    Restriction Enzyme

    An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.

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    Mitosis stages

    Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; interphase is the stage before mitosis.

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    Study Notes

    Scientific Method

    • List the steps of the Scientific Method.
    • Apply the Scientific Method to an experimental situation.
    • Define independent and dependent variables in an experiment.

    Chemistry Basics

    • Define CHON and the most abundant element in living things.
    • Identify the element all organic molecules contain.
    • State the charge (and mass) of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
    • Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for an element given the periodic table.
    • Explain how valence electrons are assigned.
    • Differentiate between stable and unstable atoms/elements.
    • Define an isotope.
    • Differentiate between a molecule and a compound.
    • Identify molecules and compounds given a formula.
    • Define an isomer (refer to Chapter 3).
    • Explain ionic and covalent bonding.
    • Explain electron gain and loss.
    • Explain electron sharing (equal/unequal).
    • Define hydrogen bonding, its properties (e.g., heat capacity, evaporation), and its importance.

    Properties of Water

    • Explain hydrogen bonding in water.
    • Describe the properties of water (e.g., high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, good solvent).
    • Explain water's role in adhesion, cohesion, and transport in plants.
    • Define acidic pH, basic pH, and neutral pH.
    • Describe how pH is maintained.

    Organic Molecules

    • Explain how organic molecules are formed and broken down.
    • Identify elements of each biomolecule.
    • Describe the monomers (building blocks) for each.
    • Describe the polymers for each class of biomolecules.
    • List examples of each biomolecule.
    • Describe the functions of each biomolecule.
    • Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated lipids.
    • Explain the different levels of protein organization (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary).

    Biochemistry

    • List (and define) the properties of enzymes.
    • Explain how enzymes bind to substrates.
    • Identify factors affecting enzyme function.
    • Discuss differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their organelles.
    • Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
    • Explain the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane.
    • Describe diffusion and osmosis.
    • Explain hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
    • Discuss kinetic and potential energy.
    • Explain the laws of thermodynamics.
    • Define photosynthesis; its reactants and products and locations.
    • Elaborate on the process of cellular respiration.
    • Detail the stages of cellular respiration (reactants, products, location, ATP production).

    Cellular Biology & Genetics

    • Explain biotechnology, its basic steps, and its applications.
    • Describe restriction enzymes and PCR.
    • Describe plasmids.
    • Describe CRISPR.
    • Explain the concerns regarding GMOs (genetically modified organisms).
    • Explain how to read a DNA gel picture.
    • Describe the cell cycle (interphase and mitosis), including apoptosis.
    • Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.
    • Define haploid/diploid, and the chromosome numbers.
    • Describe homologous chromosomes.
    • Describe meiosis, including synapsis, crossing over, and the laws of independent assortment and segregation.
    • Explain nondisjunction and related disorders.
    • Define P1, F1, and F2 generations.
    • Describe genotype/phenotype, dominant/recessive traits, and genetic disorders.
    • Describe the process of transcription (DNA to mRNA).
    • Explain the process of translation including ribosome sites.
    • Describe the pathway for protein synthesis (mRNA, nuclear pore, ribosomes, release).

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts of the Scientific Method alongside foundational Chemistry topics. You'll explore the steps involved in scientific inquiry and key chemical principles including atom structure, bonding types, and organic chemistry basics. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these critical subjects.

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