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Questions and Answers
What role do enzymes play in metabolic processes?
What role do enzymes play in metabolic processes?
- They increase the activation energy required for reactions.
- They act independently without any substrate binding.
- They permanently change in shape after a reaction.
- They lower the activation energy required for reactions. (correct)
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
- Lower temperatures enhance enzyme activity uniformly.
- It has no effect on enzyme shape or function.
- Increasing temperature improves enzyme efficiency indefinitely.
- High temperatures can denature enzymes, altering their shape. (correct)
What happens to enzyme activity at higher substrate concentrations?
What happens to enzyme activity at higher substrate concentrations?
- Enzyme activity decreases as more substrates are added.
- Activity reaches a maximum rate and then plateaus. (correct)
- Activity increases indefinitely with more substrates.
- Substrate saturation has no effect on enzyme reactions.
What is the impact of pH on enzyme function?
What is the impact of pH on enzyme function?
What defines monomers in biological molecules?
What defines monomers in biological molecules?
What are the basic subatomic particles that make up an atom?
What are the basic subatomic particles that make up an atom?
How are ions formed?
How are ions formed?
Which type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?
Which type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?
What characteristic of water contributes to its ability to transport substances?
What characteristic of water contributes to its ability to transport substances?
What is the unique feature of enzymes that allows them to function as catalysts?
What is the unique feature of enzymes that allows them to function as catalysts?
Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?
Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?
What creates the partial positive and negative charges in water molecules?
What creates the partial positive and negative charges in water molecules?
What characteristics make enzymes effective in promoting chemical reactions?
What characteristics make enzymes effective in promoting chemical reactions?
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?
Which of the following monomers is associated with proteins?
Which of the following monomers is associated with proteins?
What happens to enzymes when subjected to high temperature?
What happens to enzymes when subjected to high temperature?
Which polymer is formed from glycerol and fatty acids?
Which polymer is formed from glycerol and fatty acids?
What is the primary role of nucleic acids?
What is the primary role of nucleic acids?
Which factor is NOT known to affect enzyme activity?
Which factor is NOT known to affect enzyme activity?
What are the polymers formed by nucleotides?
What are the polymers formed by nucleotides?
In a chemical reaction, what term describes the starting materials?
In a chemical reaction, what term describes the starting materials?
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Study Notes
The Nature of Matter
- Matter: Anything with mass and takes up space.
- Atom: Basic unit of matter; contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons: Positively charged, same mass as neutrons.
- Neutrons: No charge.
- Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit the nucleus.
- Element: Specific number of protons (atomic number).
- Isotope: Atoms of same element, different number of neutrons.
- Ion: Atom with positive or negative charge (gain or loss of electrons).
- Compound: Two or more elements bonded together.
- Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic: Electron transfer between atoms.
- Covalent: Electrons shared between atoms.
- Molecule: Atoms joined by covalent bonds.
Properties of Water
- Polar molecule: Partial negative and positive charges.
- Hydrogen bonds: Result from attraction between partial charges, causing cohesion and adhesion.
- Cohesion & Adhesion: Responsible for surface tension and transport of substances.
Enzymes
- Proteins: Act as organic catalysts, speeding up reactions.
- "Lock and key" mechanism: Specific enzyme shape matches specific substrate.
- Lower activation energy: Accelerates reaction rate.
- Enzyme-substrate complex: Forms, reaction occurs, product released, enzyme reused.
- Essential for metabolism.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Temperature: Increased temperature can denature enzymes (change shape, lose function).
- pH: Optimal pH range for each enzyme; deviation causes denaturation.
- Substrate concentration: Increased concentration increases reaction rate (up to a point).
Enzyme Kinetics
- Measured by product molecules formed per second.
- Graphs illustrate effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity; optimal point for maximum activity.
Monomers and Polymers
- Monomer: Small molecule, building block of polymers.
- Polymer: Large molecule made of bonded monomers.
Carbohydrates
- Monomers: Glucose, sucrose.
- Polymers: Starch, glycogen.
- Function: Short-term energy storage, structure.
Lipids
- Monomers: Glycerol, fatty acids.
- Polymers: Fats, oils, waxes.
- Function: Long-term energy storage, cell membrane components, hormones.
Proteins
- Monomers: Amino acids.
- Polymers: Polypeptides.
- Function: Growth, repair, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural components.
Nucleic Acids
- Monomers: Nucleotides.
- Polymers: DNA, RNA.
- Function: Genetic information storage and transmission.
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
- Chemical reaction: Transformation of reactants into products.
- Chemical equation: Represents reaction using symbols and formulas.
- Reactants: Starting materials.
- Products: End result.
- Enzyme function: Catalysts, speed up reactions.
- Enzyme-substrate complex: Forms, reaction occurs, products released.
- Enzymes lower activation energy.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (repeated from earlier section for completeness)
- Temperature: Increased temperature can denature enzymes.
- pH: Optimal pH range for enzyme activity; deviations cause denaturation.
- Substrate concentration: Increased concentration increases reaction rate (to a point).
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