Introduction to Chemistry Quiz

Definition: The science of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and reactions.
Branches of Chemistry:
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
- Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds, metals, and minerals.
- Physical Chemistry: The study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level.
- Analytical Chemistry: Techniques for analyzing substances and their compositions.
- Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes in biological systems.

Atoms and Elements:
- Atoms: Basic units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Elements: Pure substances made up of only one type of atom; listed in the Periodic Table.
Molecules and Compounds:
- Molecules: Two or more atoms bonded together.
- Compounds: Pure substances made of two or more different elements bonded together.
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds: Formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
- Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Metallic Bonds: Between metal atoms, characterized by a 'sea of electrons'.
Reactions:
- Chemical Reactions: Process where reactants transform into products.
- Types of Reactions:
  - Synthesis: Two or more substances combine.
  - Decomposition: A compound breaks down into simpler substances.
  - Single Replacement: An element replaces another in a compound.
  - Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.
  - Combustion: Reaction with oxygen to produce heat and light.

Solids: Defined shape and volume; particles are tightly packed.
Liquids: Defined volume but no fixed shape; particles are close but can move past one another.
Gases: No defined shape or volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

Mole: A unit measuring the amount of substance; contains Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³ particles).
Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance, usually expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution; have a pH less than 7.
Bases: Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻); have a pH greater than 7.
pH Scale: Ranges from 0 to 14; indicates the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Second Law: Entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time.
Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat from surroundings.
Exothermic Reactions: Release heat to surroundings.

A state where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Le Chatelier's Principle: If an equilibrium system is disturbed, it will adjust to counteract the disturbance.

Always use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE): gloves, goggles, lab coats.
Understand Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for chemicals being used.

Organic chemistry focuses on compounds containing carbon
Inorganic chemistry deals with non-carbon compounds, metals, and minerals
Physical chemistry explores matter's behavior at an atomic and molecular level
Analytical chemistry develops techniques for analyzing substances and their components
Biochemistry investigates chemical processes within living organisms

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Elements are pure substances containing only one type of atom
The Periodic Table organizes elements based on their properties and atomic number
Molecules consist of two or more atoms bonded together
Compounds are pure substances formed by two or more different elements bonded together
Chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecules and compounds
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms
Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons
Metallic bonds involve a 'sea of electrons' shared between metal atoms
Chemical reactions involve changes in the composition and structure of substances
Reactions can be classified as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion

The mole is a unit used to measure the amount of substance
One mole contains Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³) of particles
Molar mass represents the mass of one mole of a substance, typically measured in grams per mole (g/mol)

Acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution, resulting in a pH below 7
Bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution, resulting in a pH above 7
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with lower values indicating increased acidity

The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations
The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
The second law states that the entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time
Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings
Exothermic reactions release heat to their surroundings

Elements are organized by their atomic numbers, indicating the number of protons
Elements in the same column (group) share similar properties
Elements in the same row (period) have the same number of electron shells

Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system at equilibrium will adjust to counteract any changes or disturbances

Always wear appropriate safety equipment, including gloves, goggles, and a lab coat
Familiarize yourself with the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals used in experiments