Science Chapter 1: Matter
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Questions and Answers

Which statement correctly describes a solid?

  • It has a definite shape but no fixed volume.
  • Its particles are loosely packed and can slide past each other.
  • It occupies the entire volume of its container with free-moving particles.
  • It has a definite shape and volume with tightly packed particles. (correct)

What is the main feature of gases?

  • They have a fixed shape and volume.
  • They exhibit strong intermolecular forces between particles.
  • Their particles move slowly and are closely packed.
  • They fill the entire volume of their container and can be compressed. (correct)

Which type of solid is held together by ionic bonds?

  • Iron
  • Candle wax
  • Diamond
  • Sodium chloride (correct)

What is an example of a molecular solid?

<p>Ice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic applies to liquids?

<p>They have no fixed shape but a definite volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plasma from other states of matter?

<p>It is made up of electrically charged particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of matter has the highest kinetic energy?

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT characteristic of liquids?

<p>Definite shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bose-Einstein condensate?

<p>A state of a dilute gas of bosons at near absolute zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of boiling?

<p>Liquid converts to gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a physical change?

<p>Melting ice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately distinguishes a chemical change from a physical change?

<p>Chemical changes create new substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of fermionic condensates?

<p>They behave like a wave when atoms merge at low temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a molecule?

<p>A combination of two or more atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?

<p>Covalent bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sublimation refer to?

<p>The change of solid to gas without becoming liquid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is NOT a physical property?

<p>Chemical reactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number represent?

<p>Number of protons in the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of a chemical change?

<p>Color change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a molecule is:

<p>Nitrogen molecule (Nâ‚‚) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?

<p>Molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do molecules play in biological processes?

<p>They facilitate energy transfer and biochemical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the periodic table is accurate?

<p>Periods indicate energy levels of electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

<p>They are completely lost by one atom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

The smallest possible unit of an element that retains its chemical properties. It's the building block for all matter!

Element

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Solid

A state of matter where particles are tightly packed, giving it a definite shape and volume. Think of a solid block of ice.

Liquid

A state of matter with no fixed shape but a fixed volume. Think of water flowing in a container.

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Gas

A state of matter where particles move very quickly and are spread far apart, easily compressed. Think of air.

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Plasma

A hot, ionized gas made up of electrically charged particles, like electrons breaking free. Think of lightning or the sun.

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Metallic solid

A type of solid held together by metallic bonds where electrons are shared throughout the structure. Think of metals like gold or copper.

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Ionic solid

A type of solid held together by ionic bonds, where oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other. Think of table salt.

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Molecule

When two or more atoms bond together chemically.

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Covalent Bond

When atoms share electrons.

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Ionic Bond

When atoms transfer electrons.

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Nucleus

The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

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Electrons

Tiny particles that orbit the nucleus, carrying a negative charge.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus, defining the element.

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Bose-Einstein Condensate

A state of matter where a gas is cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, causing the atoms to lose their individual identities and behave collectively like a wave.

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Fermionic Condensate

A state of matter formed by fermions (atoms) interacting at extremely low temperatures to form a single, wave-like entity.

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Physical Change

A change in the form or appearance of a substance without altering its chemical composition. Examples include changing the state of matter (solid, liquid, gas), cutting, or dissolving.

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Chemical Change

A change in the chemical composition of a substance, resulting in the formation of a new substance with different properties. Examples include burning wood, rusting metal, and baking a cake.

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Sublimation

The process where a solid directly transforms into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. Example: Dry ice changing into carbon dioxide gas.

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Freezing/Solidification

The change of state from liquid to solid. Example: Water turning into ice.

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Study Notes

Lesson 1: Matter

  • Matter encompasses all substances and materials in the universe.
  • Matter has mass and occupies space.
  • Examples include air, water, rocks, and food.
  • Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that maintain its chemical properties.
  • Elements are substances made of only one type of atom.
  • Elements cannot be broken down further by chemical processes.
  • John Dalton proposed that the universe is made of numerous tiny identical particles called molecules.

Phases of Matter

Solids

  • Solids have a definite shape and volume.
  • Particles are tightly packed.
  • Classification of Solids:
    • Molecular solids: held together by forces similar to liquids (weakest).
      • Examples: candle wax, ice.
    • Metallic solids: held together by metallic bonds where electrons are shared throughout the solid.
      • Examples: iron, gold, copper, zinc.
    • Ionic solids: held together by strong ionic bonds.
      • Examples: sodium chloride (table salt).
    • Covalent network solids: held together by strong covalent bonds; giant covalent substances.
      • Example: Diamond.

Liquids

  • Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.
  • Particles are close together but can move past each other.
  • Properties of Liquids:
    • Cohesion and surface tension: attraction between liquid molecules.
    • Adhesion: attraction between liquid and different materials.
    • Capillary action: ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces.
    • Viscosity: resistance to flow.
    • Evaporation: transition from liquid to gas.
    • Volatility and vapor pressure: tendency of a liquid to vaporize.

Gases

  • Gases have neither fixed shape nor fixed volume.
  • Particles are far apart and move rapidly due to the empty space surrounding them.
  • Gases can easily be compressed.
  • Gases occupy the entire space of their container because their particles are in constant motion.

Lesson 2: Physical and Chemical Changes

  • Physical Changes: Changes in appearance or form without altering the substance's composition.
    • Examples include color, volume, shape, and phase changes (melting, freezing, dissolving).
  • Chemical Changes: Changes that form new substances with different properties.
    • Examples include burning wood, rusting iron, baking a cake.
    • Indicators of chemical changes include color changes, gas production, odor change, and temperature/light changes.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of matter, including its definition, properties, and the different phases it can exist in. Review essential details about solids, their classification, and the atomic theory proposed by John Dalton. Test your understanding of these foundational scientific concepts.

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