Fundamentals of Matter: Solids and Liquids
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic defines a liquid compared to a gas?

  • Definite shape and indefinite volume
  • Particles are arranged in a fixed pattern
  • Indefinite shape and definite volume (correct)
  • Particles are far apart and can move freely

What occurs during the liquefaction of gases?

  • Increased temperature causes gas to condense
  • Gas loses kinetic energy and molecules slow down (correct)
  • Molecules speed up and expand
  • Gas transitions to a solid without cooling

Which statement accurately describes crystalline solids?

  • They possess a fixed geometrical pattern (correct)
  • They flow easily under pressure
  • They have a random arrangement of particles
  • They are isotropic in all directions

Which of the following is a characteristic of amorphous solids?

<p>They exhibit flow under pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pressure affect the state of a gas?

<p>It can convert gas into a liquid by increasing molecular proximity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to crystalline solids, how do amorphous solids differ?

<p>They lack a long-range order in molecular arrangement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of creating a polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (PASD)?

<p>To enhance the solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the stability of Novobiocin forms?

<p>Crystalline forms are less soluble and more stable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between isotropic and anisotropic materials?

<p>Anisotropic materials exhibit different properties in different directions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves raising the temperature during the formation of a PASD?

<p>Melting the polymer above its melting point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does HME stand for in the context of polymeric amorphous solid dispersion?

<p>Hot melt extrusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the API when included in a polymeric amorphous solid dispersion?

<p>It is maintained in an amorphous form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the mixing process in PASD is true?

<p>It is crucial for achieving uniform distribution of the API (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of liquid crystals are formed through the heating of solids?

<p>Thermotropic liquid crystals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are smectic liquid crystals significant in pharmaceuticals?

<p>They form ternary mixtures with specific additives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT an approach to improving aqueous solubility?

<p>Thermal cycling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two components are typically involved in solid dispersion?

<p>Water soluble drug and water insoluble carrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of certain liquid crystals makes them useful in temperature sensing devices?

<p>Color changes with temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solid dispersion allows for amorphous characteristics?

<p>Polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (PASD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method to enhance the solubility of drugs through surfactants?

<p>Control the pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first significant thermotropic liquid crystal made by Friedrich?

<p>Cholesteryl benzoate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does incorporating an amorphous drug into a polymer matrix have on the drug's molecular mobility?

<p>It maintains the amorphous state of the drug. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a partition coefficient (K) for a solute is 3 between oil and water, what would the partition coefficient between water and oil be?

<p>0.33 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive value of log p indicate about the solute's properties?

<p>The solute is more lipophilic than hydrophilic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the log p is negative, which of the following statements is true?

<p>The substance is predominantly hydrophilic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the partition coefficient from oil to water?

<p>K o/w = Co / Cw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a eutectic mixture?

<p>A mixture where one component is highly soluble and aids another component's dissolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of eutectics, what role does the highly soluble compound play?

<p>It facilitates the rapid dissolution of the poorly soluble compound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a eutectic derived formulation?

<p>Salicylic acid/citric acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a eutectic affect the melting point of the solid components?

<p>It can lower the melting point compared to the individual components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the eutectic point?

<p>The mixture exhibits a specific melting temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the characteristic property of eutectic mixtures?

<p>They exist in multiple phases at the eutectic temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the preparation of a eutectic drug formulation, what is the preferred solubility property of component A?

<p>It should be highly soluble. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using a eutectic approach in drug formulation?

<p>It enhances the solubility of poorly soluble compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to investigate the structure of a crystal through the reflection of X-ray beams?

<p>X-Ray Diffraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), what is measured as a function of temperature?

<p>Amount of heat required to increase the temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the freezing point of a substance?

<p>The temperature at which a solid and liquid coexist at equilibrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the latent heat of fusion refer to?

<p>Heat absorbed when a solid melts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about polymorphs is false?

<p>They are chemically distinct compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crystalline form of cocoa butter is considered the stable polymorph?

<p>β- stable form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do substances with weak bonding forces have lower melting points?

<p>They require less energy to overcome bonding forces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many known crystal structures does ice have?

<p>15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gas

A substance that exists in a gaseous state at room temperature, like oxygen or carbon dioxide.

Vapor

A substance that exists as a liquid or solid at room temperature, but becomes a gas when heated, like menthol or ethanol.

Liquefaction

The process of converting a gas into a liquid state.

Crystalline Solid

A solid that has a definite shape and a regular, ordered arrangement of its molecules. Examples include sodium chloride (NaCl) and diamonds.

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Amorphous Solid

A solid that lacks a definite shape and has a random arrangement of its molecules. Examples include glass and amorphous Novobiocin.

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Crystallization of Amorphous Solids

The conversion of an amorphous solid into a crystalline form over time. This can happen with glass after a long period.

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Anisotropy

The ability of a substance to exhibit different properties in different directions due to its non-uniform structure. For example, a crystal might conduct electricity better in one direction than another.

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Isotropy

The property of a substance to exhibit the same properties in all directions due to its uniform structure. Examples include amorphous substances and cubic crystals.

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Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

A technique that measures the difference in heat required to raise the temperature of a sample and a reference material.

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Freezing/Melting Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. It is also the same temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

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Latent Heat of Fusion

The amount of heat energy absorbed when 1 gram of a solid melts or released when 1 gram of liquid freezes.

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Polymorphs

Materials that exist in more than one crystalline form, with different physical properties like melting point and solubility.

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β-Stable Form (Cocoa Butter)

A stable polymorph of cocoa butter that melts at the highest temperature (34.5°C).

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Heat of Fusion and Bonding Force

The heat required to increase the distance between atoms or molecules in a crystal, causing it to melt.

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X-Ray Diffraction

The reflection of an X-ray beam by the atomic planes in a crystal, providing information about the crystal's structure.

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Polymorphs and Solubility

Polymorphs exhibit different solubilities in solvents.

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Cholesteric Liquid Crystal

A type of liquid crystal with a helical structure, often considered a special case of nematic liquid crystals.

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Thermotropic Liquid Crystals

Liquid crystals that form when a solid is heated. The transition is caused by temperature changes.

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Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

Liquid crystals that form when a solid is dissolved in a solvent. The transition is caused by the interaction of the solid with the solvent.

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Ternary Mixture

A mixture of a surfactant, water, and a weakly amphiphilic or nonpolar additive. It has high pharmaceutical significance due to its ability to solubilize drugs.

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Thermochromic Liquid Crystals

The ability of liquid crystals to change color depending on temperature. This property can be used to detect temperature changes, making them useful for medical applications.

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

The use of liquid crystals in display systems. They respond to electric fields, allowing them to create images.

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Solid Dispersion

A technique used to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs by incorporating them into a solid carrier material. This results in an increased rate of dissolution and absorption.

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Eutectic Solid Dispersion

A type of solid dispersion where a mixture of a drug and a carrier forms a solid solution with a lower melting point than the individual components.

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Eutectic

A mixture of two or more substances that melts and solidifies at a single specific temperature, lower than the melting point of either component.

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Eutectic Temperature

The lowest temperature at which a eutectic mixture melts or solidifies.

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Eutectic Point

The specific composition of a eutectic mixture where the melting point is lowest.

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Eutectic Mixture

A mixture that can be used to help poorly soluble drugs to dissolve in water.

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Poorly Soluble Compound

A poorly soluble substance, often a drug, that needs help dissolving.

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Highly Soluble Compound

A highly soluble substance, often a carrier for a drug, that helps it dissolve.

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Dissolution Aid

The process where a highly soluble compound helps a poorly soluble compound dissolve by releasing it in fine crystals.

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Chloramphenicol/Urea

An example of a eutectic mixture where chloramphenicol is made more soluble with urea.

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Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersion (PASD)

A formulation technology where an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is dissolved or dispersed in a polymer carrier. This helps maintain the API in an amorphous form, preventing polymorph transitions.

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Hot Melt Extrusion (HME)

A process used to create PASDs by melting and extruding a mixture of the API and polymer.

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Amorphous Solid Dispersion

A form of solid dispersion where the API is dispersed in a polymer matrix, resulting in a disordered, non-crystalline structure.

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Mixing API with Polymer

The API is dissolved or dispersed into the polymer carrier, creating a homogeneous mixture.

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Partition Coefficient (K)

A measure of how readily a substance distributes between two immiscible liquids. It is the ratio of the concentration of the substance in one phase to its concentration in the other phase at equilibrium.

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Log P

The logarithm of the partition coefficient (K) between octanol and water. It reflects the relative hydrophobicity or lipophilicity of a substance:

  • log P < 0: More hydrophilic (water-loving)
  • log P = 0: Hydrophilic = Lipophilic
  • log P > 0: More lipophilic (fat-loving)
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Crystallization

Incorporating amorphous drugs into a polymer matrix. This hinders molecular movement of the drug and helps maintain its amorphous state.

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Study Notes

States of Matter

  • Matter exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and liquid crystalline.
  • The state of matter depends on intermolecular forces, the strength of attraction between molecules.
  • Solids have a fixed shape and volume. Particles are immobile and can only vibrate.
  • Liquids have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. Particles are mobile and can move in three axes perpendicular to each other.
  • Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. Molecules move in straight paths at high velocities. Collisions with other molecules and walls of the container create pressure.
  • Gases are easily compressible while liquids and solids are incompressible.
  • The general ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the molar gas constant, and T is absolute temperature.
  • STP (standard temperature and pressure) is 0°C and 1 atm.

Liquid Crystalline State

  • Liquid crystals are a fourth state of matter, intermediate between liquids and solids.
  • They exhibit properties of both liquids and solids.
  • They are mobile and have flow properties of liquids.
  • They are birefringent, meaning light passing through them is divided into two components with different refractive indices.
  • Thermotropic liquid crystals form when a solid is heated.
  • Lyotropic liquid crystals form when a solid is exposed to certain solvents.
  • The first thermotropic liquid crystal was made by Friedrich by heating solid cholesteryl benzoate.

Types of Liquid Crystalline Materials

  • Smectic liquid crystals are similar to soap or grease. Molecules are mobile in two directions and rotate about one axis.
  • Nematic liquid crystals are thread-like. Molecules are mobile in three directions and rotate about one axis.
  • Smectic liquid crystals are of most pharmaceutical significance, forming ternary mixtures of surfactant, water, and weakly amphiphilic or nonpolar additives.

Properties of Liquid Crystals

  • Some liquid crystals change color with temperature, enabling their use in temperature-sensing devices, like liquid crystal thermometers. They are safer than mercury thermometers
  • Liquid crystals are sensitive to electric fields and are employed in LCD (liquid crystal display) technology.
  • Liquid crystals can be used to solubilize insoluble medications (e.g., smectic SAA).
  • Liquid crystals increase viscosity, stabilizing emulsions and suspensions.

Characterization of Crystalline Materials

  • X-Ray Diffraction: Analyzes the structure of crystals using X-ray beams reflected off atomic planes.
  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Measures the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference. DSC is used to determine melting and other phase transitions. It is a useful tool for assessing the heat energy uptake of a sample.

Freezing Point and Latent Heat of Fusion

  • The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid transforms into a solid, which is also the melting point.
  • Latent heat of fusion is the heat absorbed by a gram of solid when it melts or the heat released when it freezes. Higher heat of fusion signifies tougher bonds.

Polymorphism

  • Polymorphs are substances existing in more than one crystalline form.
  • Polymorphs differ in melting points, X-ray diffraction patterns, and solubility. Examples include carbon (diamond and graphite) and ice (several crystalline forms).
  • Cocoa butter is an example involving different stable forms of the same compound, and the stable form in pharmaceutical usage is specified.

Significance of Polymorphism

  • Polymorphs display varying solubility.
  • Polymorphism affects the dissolution rate of slightly soluble drugs, potentially influencing their bioavailability.
  • Chloramphenicol palmitate is an example, with polymorphs varying in solubility.
  • Polymorphs can have different levels of activity.

Approaches to Improving Aqueous Solubility

  • Cosolvency: Using a mixture of solvents to increase solubility.
  • pH Control: Adjusting pH to improve solubility.
  • Micellar Solubilization: Utilizing surfactants to create micelles, increasing the solubility of poorly soluble compounds.
  • Complexation: Forming complexes to improve compatibility and solubility.
  • Chemical Modifications: Altering the molecular structure of a drug to improve solubility.
  • Particle Size Control: Reducing particle size to increase the surface area and improve solubility.
  • Solid Dispersion: Mixing a poorly soluble drug with a water-soluble carrier to enhance dissolution.

Solid Dispersion

  • Eutectics: Mixing two or more component compounds, forming a solid mixture with a lower melting point than the individual components.
  • Polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (PASD): Incorporating a poorly soluble drug into a polymer matrix to hinder molecular mobility of the drug and maintain its amorphous state.

Distribution of Solutes Between Immiscible Liquids

  • Partition coefficient (K): Measures the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. (e.g., oil and water).
  • Log P: Logarithm of the partition coefficient, often used to characterize the lipophilicity of a compound.
  • Octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log P) is a critical parameter for drug absorption and distribution. It reflects the degree of lipophilicity.

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Description

This quiz explores the defining characteristics of liquids and solids, including crystalline and amorphous forms. It also covers the processes involved in the liquefaction of gases and the formation of polymeric amorphous solid dispersions. Test your understanding of material properties and behaviors.

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