Science and Technology

• Science is the study of the world, whereas technology applies scientific knowledge to create tools and solve problems, such as in engineering.

Outcomes of Science and Technology

• Good technological outcomes include creating prosthetic limbs.
• Bad technological outcomes include destroying habitats to drill for oil.
• Good scientific outcomes include developing medicines to cure rare diseases.
• Bad scientific outcomes include the creation of nuclear waste.

Roles of Scientists

• Biologists study living things.
• Chemists study chemicals.
• Physicists study energy and matter.
• Marine Biologists study marine organisms and their behavior.
• Dermatologists treat conditions of the skin, hair, and nails.

Aspects of Science

• Biology is the study of life.
• Chemistry is the study of matter.
• Earth and Space science studies the interconnections between land, ocean, and atmosphere.
• Physics studies energy and matter, including its motion and behavior through space and time.

Laboratory Rules and Importance

• Line up quietly and enter the lab only when permitted to ensure safety and prevent chaos.
• Walking, not running, reduces the risk of accidents.
• The preparation room is off-limits, as it contains hazardous materials.
• Bags are left outside to prevent tripping hazards and keep the workspace clear.
• Practical work is conducted on side benches to keep main benches clear for shared equipment and demonstrations.
• Tongs, test tube holders, and heating mats must be used with hot equipment to prevent burns.
• Eating or drinking is prohibited to avoid accidental ingestion of harmful substances.
• Hands should be washed after handling chemicals.
• Equipment should be washed and returned to its original place to keep the lab organized and prevent contamination.
• Any accidents, such as cuts or burns, should be reported to the teacher for quick medical attention.
• Noise levels should be kept down to maintain focus and clear communication.
• Breakages and spills should be reported to ensure proper cleanup procedures.
• Instructions must be read and followed carefully before starting an experiment to reduce mistakes and enhance safety.
• Mixing chemicals is prohibited unless required for an experiment in order to prevent dangerous reactions.

Identifying Dangerous Situations in a Laboratory

• Open flames near flammable substances are hazardous.
• Unlabeled chemicals pose a risk.
• Broken glass is a hazard.
• A cluttered table can lead to accidents.
• Open hair can be a hazard near flames or chemicals.
• Being barefoot in a lab is dangerous.
• Bags on the ground pose a tripping hazard.
• Eating or drinking is prohibited.
• Touching a gas tap with fingers is dangerous.

Common Laboratory Equipment

• Common laboratory equipment includes beakers, test tubes, Bunsen burners, pipettes, boiling tubes, measuring cylinders, conical flasks, gauze mats, evaporating basins, tripods, funnels, retort stands, tongs, test tube holders, tiles, stopwatches, digital balances, test tube racks, and spatulas.

Drawing Laboratory Equipment

• Use a sharp pencil.
• All lines, including label lines, must be ruled.
• Do not use shading.
• Diagrams must be in 2D.
• Labels must be written horizontally.
• Do not close off equipment in drawings.

Functions of Common Lab Equipment

• Beakers are used to hold a large amount of substance.
• Scissor tongs are used to hold something over a Bunsen burner.
• Bunsen burners are used for combustion.
• Tripods are used as a stand over a Bunsen burner.
• Retort stands are used to support other equipment and glassware.
• Test tubes are used for mixing two different kinds of liquid.

Identifying Observations

• Qualitative observations are descriptive, such as color change or bubbling.
• Quantitative observations involve numbers, such as temperature or mass.
• Observations involve using the senses.
• Inferences are assumptions or conclusions based on observations.

Key Terms

• Aim refers to the purpose of an investigation.
• Equipment refers to the tools used.
• A hypothesis is an educated guess about the outcome.
• The method refers to the steps taken.
• Results refer to what happened, or the data collected.
• Conclusions are explanations of the results.

Testing a Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is a testable prediction.

Identifying a Fair Test

• In a fair test, only one variable changes, while everything else stays the same.
• There is one independent variable, and the rest are maintained or controlled.

Labeling a Bunsen Burner

• Parts of a Bunsen burner include the base, barrel, air hole, collar, and gas hose.

Lighting and Using a Bunsen Burner

• Close the air hole first.
• Turn on the gas slightly.
• Use a spark lighter to ignite the gas.
• Adjust the flame by opening or closing the air hole.

Standard Units for Measuring Scientific Quantities

• Length is measured in meters (m) using a ruler.
• Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) using a balance.
• Time is measured in seconds (s) using a stopwatch.
• Temperature is measured in Celsius (°C) using a thermometer.
• Volume is measured in liters (L) using a measuring cylinder.
• Current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter.

Using Scientific Equipment to Measure Quantities

• When reading the value from a measuring cylinder, read from the bottom of the meniscus.

Variables

• The independent variable is what you purposely change.
• The dependent variable is what you measure.
• Controlled variables are what you keep the same.

Types of Graphs

• Bar graphs are for comparing categories.
• Line graphs are for showing trends over time.
• Pie charts are for showing percentages or proportions of a whole.
• Scatter plots are for showing relationships between two variables.
• Histograms are for showing data distribution.
• Discrete data has certain and exact values.
• Continuous data can have almost any value.

Interpreting Graphs Using the Acronym 'SALTYP'

• S - Scale is even.
• A - Axes, with the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis.
• L - Label each axis, including units.
• T - Title the graph to indicate what the experiment is about.
• Y - Use an "x" or "+" to plot points, not a dot.
• P - Use pencil and ruler.