Science and Technology: Lesson 1 Overview
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Questions and Answers

The ______ was created by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.

internet

The ______ was originally developed as Facebook Chat.

Messenger

The ______ Age refers to the materials made of iron, beginning around 1500 BC.

Iron

The ______ Age was subdivided into the Dark and High Middle Ages.

<p>Middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a social networking website known for connecting people and sharing thoughts, photos, and experiences.

<p>Facebook</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was a vibration-sensitive device used for detecting earthquakes.

<p>Seismograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is known as the most used search engine on the world wide web.

<p>Google</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ model, proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, placed the sun at the center of the universe.

<p>Heliocentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the third most visited website, where videos can be shared.

<p>YouTube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Johannes Kepler formulated the ______ of Planetary Motion, which described elliptical planetary orbits.

<p>Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galileo Galilei's work on ______ involved examining the relationship between distance, velocity, and acceleration.

<p>Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galileo's scientific approach involved defining concepts, expressing their relationships, and formulating a precise ______.

<p>Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Scientific Revolution witnessed radical changes in scientific ______ and led to important discoveries.

<p>Inquiry</p> Signup and view all the answers

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an ______ force.

<p>unbalanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Revolution refers to a period of significant technological innovation.

<p>Industrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

<p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the fundamental unit of life in all living organisms.

<p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Dalton proposed the ______ Theory, which states that all matter is composed of atoms.

<p>Atomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the control center of a cell.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 20th century, science and technology had structurally and methodologically ______.

<p>changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The law of ______ states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

<p>Interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was discovered by Ernest Rutherford.

<p>Proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was discovered by James Chadwick.

<p>Neutron</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Drift Theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener.

<p>Continental</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ age is also known as the "digital age" or the "new media age."

<p>Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first ______ were religious texts and medical books.

<p>books</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ type printing was created by Johannes Gutenberg.

<p>Movable</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Post-Gutenberg world is characterized by the emergence of the ______ and the world wide web.

<p>internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of ______"

<p>Computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tools used in hunting and food gathering were either of the core or ______ types.

<p>flake</p> Signup and view all the answers

The early human ancestor, the ______ man, was known to use fire and flake tools.

<p>Neanderthal</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ were the first man-made dwellings, built during the Upper Paleolithic period.

<p>Pit houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mesolithic period is characterized by a gradual transition from food gathering to food ______.

<p>production</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Mesolithic period, people used stone tools known as ______, which were smaller and more delicate than Paleoliths.

<p>microliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Neolithic Period is primarily characterized by ______ of both plants and animals.

<p>domestication</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bronze Age started when tools were widely made with copper or ______.

<p>bronze</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smelting is the process of extracting ______ from ore.

<p>metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three-age system was introduced in the early 19th century by ______.

<p>Christian Jurgensen Thomsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Stone Age is characterized by weapons made of ______.

<p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Lubbock subdivided the Stone Age into the ______ and Neolithic periods.

<p>Paleolithic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The late Paleolithic to early Neolithic period is termed ______.

<p>Mesolithic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Paleolithic period lasted from ______ to 10,000 BC.

<p>2.5 mya</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans during the Paleolithic period were primarily ______.

<p>hunter-gatherers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The earliest Paleolithic period was characterized by the development of simple tools made by ______.

<p>Australopithecus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Stone Age includes which three main periods: the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and ______.

<p>Iron Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stone Age

The period of human history characterized by the use of stone, wood, bone, and other materials for tools, covering a vast span of time from 2.5 million years ago to 3000 BC.

Three-Age System

A system developed in the 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen to classify artifacts chronologically based on the materials used, dividing prehistory into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

Neolithic Period

Part of the Stone Age that started around 10,000 BC and ended around 3000 BC. Key features include the development of polished stone tools, agriculture, pottery, and more settled living.

Mesolithic Period

A transitional period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic, marked by the use of microliths (small stone tools), more sophisticated hunting techniques, and a shift towards fishing and foraging. This period occurred around 10,000 to 8000 BC.

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Paleolithic Period

The earliest phase of the Stone Age, lasting for about 2.5 million years. Characterized by the development of simple stone tools, the emergence of Homo sapiens, hunting, and nomadic lifestyles.

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Lower Paleolithic Period

Part of the Paleolithic Period, marked by the earliest stone tools, including simple choppers. These tools were likely made by Australopithecus, an early hominid.

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Middle Paleolithic Period

This part of the Paleolithic Period saw the development of more sophisticated tools, including hand axes, and the appearance of more complex culture.

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Upper Paleolithic Period

This is the final stage of the Paleolithic Period, characterized by advanced tool-making techniques using stone, bone, and ivory, the emergence of art (like cave paintings), and the beginnings of agriculture.

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Bronze Age

A historical period characterized by the use of bronze tools, a stronger metal made by combining copper and tin.

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Metal Extraction

The process of extracting metal from ore by heating it to a high temperature, often referred to as 'melting.'

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Smelting

The process of shaping molten metal by pouring it into a mold.

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Copper

A soft metal that was a primary material for early tools during the Bronze Age.

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Scientific Revolution

A period in history characterized by significant advancements in science and technology, marking a shift from earth-centered to sun-centered views of the universe.

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Heliocentric Model

A model proposing that the Sun is at the center of the universe, with all planets revolving around it, challenging the previously held geocentric view.

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Geocentric Model

A scientific model suggesting that the Earth is at the center of the universe, with celestial bodies rotating around it.

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Copernican Revolution

A scientific model proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, challenging the geocentric model and proposing a sun-centered universe.

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Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

A set of laws explaining the motion of planets around the sun, including elliptical orbits and variations in speed based on proximity to the sun.

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Galileo's Work on Motion

A scientific approach to understanding motion that involves defining concepts, establishing relationships, making predictions, and conducting experiments for validation.

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Iron Age

A period in history that introduced iron as a primary material for tools and weapons.

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Middle Ages

A period in history that spanned from 450 to 1450 AD, known for its further technological innovations and cultural developments.

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Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

This law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Newton's Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. In simpler terms, the more force you apply, the faster an object will accelerate, while a heavier object will need more force to accelerate.

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Newton's Third Law of Motion (Law of Interaction)

This law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, when you push on a wall, the wall pushes back on you with the same force.

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Law of Universal Gravitation

This law explains the force of attraction between any two objects with mass. The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant technological advancements that replaced manual labor and animal power with machines and inanimate sources of power.

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Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Centuries

The 18th and 19th centuries saw a growing connection between science and technology, slowly shifting from minimal interaction to a united approach towards development.

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Science and Technology in the 20th Century

The 20th century marked a significant shift in the relationship between science and technology, with a focus on developing new scientific theories and advancements that directly influenced various technological innovations.

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Internet

A system that connects computers worldwide, allowing communication and information sharing. It was initially a government project developed in the late 1960s by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.

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World Wide Web

A part of the internet that uses hyperlinks to connect web pages, making it easier to navigate and access information. Created by Tim Berners-Lee, it primarily serves commercial purposes.

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Facebook

An online platform that enables users to share thoughts, photos, and experiences. Created by Mark Zuckerberg, it started as a Harvard-exclusive network and expanded to other universities.

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Twitter

A microblogging platform where users can post short messages called 'tweets'. It was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, and is known for its real-time updates and quick communication.

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YouTube

The largest online video sharing platform, where users can watch, upload, and share videos. Created by Chad Hurley and Steve Chen, it's the third most visited website globally.

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Information Age

The period when computers transformed society, switching from traditional industry to an information-based economy.

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Information Age

It is known as the digital age or the new media age. This era signifies the widespread use of computers and easy access to information.

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Gutenberg Revolution

Began with Johannes Gutenberg's invention of movable type printing, allowing information to be widely disseminated though expensive.

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Pre-Gutenberg World

The time before Gutenberg's printing press, where books were produced by hand and restricted to elite groups. Information was spread through word-of-mouth.

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Post-Gutenberg World

Characterized by the internet and the world wide web, making information sharing faster and easier. This era allows the upload and download of various media formats.

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Computers

Charles Babbage, known as the 'Father of Computers', designed the device for computation, simple decision-making and calculations.

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Information Revolution

The process of changing from traditional industry to an economy primarily based on technology and information.

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Information Access

The ability to access, process, and share information easily and readily.

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Study Notes

Lesson 1: Science and Technology in the World

  • This lesson covers different historical periods and the development of science and technology within those periods.

Ancient Age: Three-Age System

  • The three-age system was introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen.
  • This system categorized artifacts based on the materials they were crafted from.
  • The system gave rise to the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. These are chronologically successive prehistoric periods.

Stone Age (2.5 MYA-3000 BC)

  • The Stone Age was a period where tools, weapons, and other objects were made from stone, wood, bone, or other materials.
  • John Lubbock further categorized the Stone Age into the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, representing evolving tool technology.
  • In the 19th century, De Mortillet proposed the Mesolithic period as a transitional phase between Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.
  • This period saw a shift from chipped to polished stone tools. This period is also associated with the use of fire and cultural advancements.

Paleolithic Period (Old Stone)

  • This was the longest phase of human history. Lasting from 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BC.
  • Early humans transformed from ape-like creatures to Homo sapiens.
  • Humans were hunter-gatherers and employed tools made from stones, flints, bones, and antlers.
  • They lived in small, nomadic or semi-nomadic bands.

Lower Paleolithic Period

  •  This is the earliest Paleolithic period.
  •  Simple tools, including stone choppers, were developed more than 1 million years ago by early humans.
  •  These early humans were likely Australopithecus ancestors
  •  Tools were used in hunting and food gathering.
  •   These types of tools fell into core and flake categories.

Middle Paleolithic Period

  • This period featured early human ancestors, the Neanderthals.
  • Neanderthals were known to use fire, stone tools of flake types, for hunting.
  •  They developed bone implements such as needles for sewing garments made of animal hides or furs.
  • Evidence of intentional burial rituals and possible religious practices suggests a higher level of cognitive and social development.

Upper Paleolithic Period

  • Various Homo sapiens cultures dominated during this period.
  • Communal hunting and fishing.
  • There were complex beliefs and practices.
  • Making personal ornaments out of materials like bones, horns, and ivory.
  • The first evidence of pit dwellings, man-made shelters.
  • Paleolithic art, such as carvings and paintings on cave walls, emerged.

Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone)

  • Occurred between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.
  • Characterized by a gradual change in human life due to receding glaciers and the formation of forest and desert landscapes.
  • Humans started making pottery and utilizing bows.
  • A transitional shift emerged from gathering food to cultivating crops (food production).
  • Stone tools, smaller and more delicate than Paleolithic tools, known as microliths became prominent.

Neolithic Period (New Stone)

  • This period was primarily based on agriculture and wide-spread domestication of plants and animals.
  • The development of numerous settled villages.
  • Evidence of agricultural practices (cultivating crops).
  • The production of pottery and weaving.
  • The increasing population led to the formation of various urban civilizations.
  • Metal tools started to appear towards the end of this period.

Bronze Age (3000 BC-1200 BC)

  • The production of tools from bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), became widespread.
  • Metal extraction, smelting, melting, and molding were key processes to create bronze tools.
  • Sumerians made important discoveries related to blending copper with tin to create bronze, a more durable and robust metal.
  • The knowledge about bronze-making spread to different parts of the world gradually.

Iron Age (1500 BC – 450 AD)

  • The utilization of iron tools and other materials made from iron, began.
  • Smelting pits, capable of creating higher temperatures, were necessary to produce iron ore.

Middle Ages (450-1450 AD)

  • Subdivided into Dark and High Middle Ages.
  • Significant advancements in science and technology occurred.
  • Examples: motion and obstruction laws, 365 ¼ day calendars, decimals, and acupuncture.

Scientific Revolution

  • This period saw tremendous advancements in science and intellectual pursuits.
  • The shift from a geocentric view of the universe (Earth-centered) to a heliocentric view (Sun-centered).
  • This period also marked significant changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry
  • key contributors include Copernicus (heliocentric model), Kepler (planetary motion laws), Galileo Galilei (motion analysis), and Newton (laws of motion and universal gravitation).

Industrial Revolution

  • This period marked technological advancements through machines to replace human and animal labor.
  • Examples of technological innovations: steamships, bunsen burners, telephones, radios, the cotton gin, and the fly-shuttle.

18th-19th Century

  • Significant advancements in science emerged
  • New discoveries and contributions: Alessandro Volta (battery), Wilhelm Roentgen(X-rays), John Dalton (atomic theory), Robert Hooke (cells), Anton van Leeuwenhoek (microorganisms), and Robert Brown (cell nucleus).

20th Century to Date

  • Methodological and structural changes in science and technology were visible.
  • Inventions that emerged include biogas, cellular phones, atomic bombs, calculators, and airplanes.
  • This period saw important advancements in scientific knowledge, including the discovery of proton (Ernest Rutherford), neutron (James Chadwick), first moonwalk (Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin), and Continental Drift theory (Alfred Wegener).

Information Age

  • This era followed the industrial age.
  • Marked by the shift from traditional industries to an information-based economic model.
  • Fueled by computerization, personal computers, and easy access to information. Often referred to as the digital age or new media age.

Pre-Gutenberg World

  • Books were handwritten and rare prior to Gutenberg's invention.
  • Access to information was limited to the elite—most information was spread via word-of-mouth.

Gutenberg Revolution

  • Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type printing.
  • The printing press enabled broader access to information from printed materials (books).
  • Initially the primarily topics written about were religious and scientific topics.

Post-Gutenberg World

  • The era of the internet and the world-wide web.
  • The easier access to, sharing, and uploading and downloading of different forms of media such as videos, audio, images became possible.
  • Dissemination of information was faster and easier

Technology in Digital Age

  • Charles Babbage is considered the "Father of Computers".
  • The invention of more advanced computer capabilities for calculations and decision making during the early part of this era.
  • Development of the internet starting in the 1960s, initially a government controlled project - later becoming more accessible to the general public
  • Emergence of different technologies such as World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee). Development of email (Shiva Ayyadurai), search engines (Google, Larry Page and Sergey Brin), social networks (Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg). other social networking technology such as Twitter (Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams), videos sharing applications (YouTube, Chad Hurley and Steve Chen). photo/video sharing applications such as (Instagram, Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger)

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Description

This quiz explores the historical development of science and technology, particularly focusing on the ancient age and the three-age system. It covers the Stone Age and its subdivisions including Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods, detailing the evolution of tool technology. Test your knowledge of these prehistoric advancements and their significance in our understanding of human history.

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