T3 L2: Schizophrenia: Neurobiology and Treatment (NS)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for the onset of schizophrenia during adolescence?

  • Adverse life events
  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Prenatal infection
  • Cannabis use (correct)

    • Which brain structures show reduced volume in individuals with schizophrenia?

  • Temporal lobes
  • Frontal lobes
  • Subcortical structures
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which brain region is associated with hallucinations in individuals with schizophrenia?

  • Temporal lobes
  • Paracingulate sulcus (correct)
  • Frontal lobes
  • Subcortical structures

    • What functional change is observed in the prefrontal cortex during periods of high cognitive load in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Hypofrontality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurophysiological change is associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Gamma rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neural oscillations are important for attention, perception, and working memory?

    <p>Beta rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathway for dopamine neurons projecting into the forebrain?

    <p>Mesocorticolimbic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between drug effective dose in controlling schizophrenia and drug binding affinity for D2 receptors?

    <p>Positive correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main neurophysiological abnormalities observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by typical antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>Atypical antipsychotics work better in treatment-resistant patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is associated with the extrapyramidal side effects caused by typical antipsychotics?

    <p>Caudate-putamen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by atypical antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PCP (phencyclidine) on NMDA receptors?

    <p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of genetically engineered mice with fewer NMDA receptors?

    <p>Increased positive symptoms of schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of dopamine antagonists (antipsychotic drugs)?

    <p>Decrease dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of partial agonists (atypical antipsychotic drugs) on dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens?

    <p>Decrease dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex and increase dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of Module 202: Neuroscience & Behaviour?

    <p>Compare and contrast typical and atypical antipsychotics and give examples of each</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic risk of developing schizophrenia in the general population?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the interaction of genes and environment in the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Partial penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Daniel Weinberger, what do genes determine in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>Protein structure in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model proposes that schizophrenia is a result of abnormal brain development?

    <p>Neurodevelopmental model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two neurotransmitters mentioned in relation to the hypotheses of schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine and Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics?

    <p>Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Enhanced problem-solving skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes determine in relation to schizophrenia, according to Daniel Weinberger?

    <p>Protein structure in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the interaction of genes and environment in the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Partial penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a learning outcome of the lecture on schizophrenia?

    <p>Exploring the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development does schizophrenia typically emerge?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of presenting with schizophrenia if your identical twin has the disorder?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two neurotransmitter systems discussed in relation to the treatment of schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine and glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of onset for schizophrenia in males and females according to the text?

    <p>In their twenties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurodevelopmental abnormality observed in individuals with schizophrenia according to the text?

    <p>Loss of grey matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain regions show widespread involvement in individuals with schizophrenia according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the task used to measure cognitive flexibility in the text?

    <p>Wisconsin Card Sorting Task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genes and schizophrenia?

    <p>Genes play a role in the development of schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Social withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes determine in relation to schizophrenia?

    <p>The structure of simple molecules in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is primarily affected in schizophrenia?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurodevelopmental process that goes wrong in schizophrenia?

    <p>Pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the hyper excitable sensory cortex observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Hyperexcitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main finding that explains auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?

    <p>Hyperactivation of the auditory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the reduced activation of the prefrontal cortex in individuals with schizophrenia during tasks that require cognitive flexibility?

    <p>Hypofrontality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region shows reduced activation in individuals with schizophrenia during tasks that require cognitive flexibility?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inability of individuals with schizophrenia to change their matching rule in response to changing stimuli?

    <p>Cognitive rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of the prefrontal cortex being less active than it should be in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Hypofrontality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions show reduced volume in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Temporal lobes and frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cannabis use on the risk of developing schizophrenia?

    <p>Cannabis use increases the risk of developing schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural change observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Architectural differences in the cortex and hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the para cingulate sulcus in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Reality monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain activity is a hallmark of maturation process?

    <p>Oscillations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of firing of play cells in the hippocampus?

    <p>About four times per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region has the theta rhythm?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain activity is associated with the normal awake state?

    <p>Alpha rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the beta rhythm widespread?

    <p>Motor system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preparation potential?

    <p>A brain activity associated with the beta rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

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