60 Questions
Which of the following is a risk factor for the onset of schizophrenia during adolescence?
Cannabis use
Which brain structures show reduced volume in individuals with schizophrenia?
All of the above
Which brain region is associated with hallucinations in individuals with schizophrenia?
Paracingulate sulcus
What functional change is observed in the prefrontal cortex during periods of high cognitive load in individuals with schizophrenia?
Hypofrontality
What neurophysiological change is associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in individuals with schizophrenia?
Gamma rhythm
What type of neural oscillations are important for attention, perception, and working memory?
Beta rhythm
What is the main pathway for dopamine neurons projecting into the forebrain?
Mesocorticolimbic pathway
What is the evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
All of the above
What is the correlation between drug effective dose in controlling schizophrenia and drug binding affinity for D2 receptors?
Positive correlation
What are the main neurophysiological abnormalities observed in individuals with schizophrenia?
All of the above
Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by typical antipsychotic drugs?
Dopamine
What is the main difference between typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs?
Atypical antipsychotics work better in treatment-resistant patients
Which brain region is associated with the extrapyramidal side effects caused by typical antipsychotics?
Caudate-putamen
Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by atypical antipsychotic drugs?
Serotonin
What is the main side effect associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs?
Weight gain
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Glutamate
What is the effect of PCP (phencyclidine) on NMDA receptors?
Antagonist
What is the effect of genetically engineered mice with fewer NMDA receptors?
Increased positive symptoms of schizophrenia
What is the main action of dopamine antagonists (antipsychotic drugs)?
Decrease dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens
What is the effect of partial agonists (atypical antipsychotic drugs) on dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens?
Decrease dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex and increase dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of Module 202: Neuroscience & Behaviour?
Compare and contrast typical and atypical antipsychotics and give examples of each
What is the genetic risk of developing schizophrenia in the general population?
1%
What is the term used to describe the interaction of genes and environment in the development of schizophrenia?
Partial penetrance
According to Daniel Weinberger, what do genes determine in relation to schizophrenia?
Protein structure in cells
Which model proposes that schizophrenia is a result of abnormal brain development?
Neurodevelopmental model
What are the two neurotransmitters mentioned in relation to the hypotheses of schizophrenia?
Dopamine and Glutamate
What is the main difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics?
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia?
Enhanced problem-solving skills
What do genes determine in relation to schizophrenia, according to Daniel Weinberger?
Protein structure in cells
What is the term used to describe the interaction of genes and environment in the development of schizophrenia?
Partial penetrance
Which of the following is a learning outcome of the lecture on schizophrenia?
Exploring the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia
During which stage of development does schizophrenia typically emerge?
Adolescence
What is the risk of presenting with schizophrenia if your identical twin has the disorder?
50%
What are the two neurotransmitter systems discussed in relation to the treatment of schizophrenia?
Dopamine and glutamate
What is the average age of onset for schizophrenia in males and females according to the text?
In their twenties
What is the main neurodevelopmental abnormality observed in individuals with schizophrenia according to the text?
Loss of grey matter
What brain regions show widespread involvement in individuals with schizophrenia according to the text?
All of the above
What is the name of the task used to measure cognitive flexibility in the text?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
What is the relationship between genes and schizophrenia?
Genes play a role in the development of schizophrenia.
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Social withdrawal
What do genes determine in relation to schizophrenia?
The structure of simple molecules in cells
Which brain region is primarily affected in schizophrenia?
Prefrontal cortex
What is the main neurodevelopmental process that goes wrong in schizophrenia?
Pruning
What is the term used to describe the hyper excitable sensory cortex observed in individuals with schizophrenia?
Hyperexcitability
What is the main finding that explains auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?
Hyperactivation of the auditory cortex
What is the term used to describe the reduced activation of the prefrontal cortex in individuals with schizophrenia during tasks that require cognitive flexibility?
Hypofrontality
Which brain region shows reduced activation in individuals with schizophrenia during tasks that require cognitive flexibility?
Prefrontal cortex
What is the term used to describe the inability of individuals with schizophrenia to change their matching rule in response to changing stimuli?
Cognitive rigidity
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of the prefrontal cortex being less active than it should be in individuals with schizophrenia?
Hypofrontality
Which brain regions show reduced volume in individuals with schizophrenia?
Temporal lobes and frontal lobes
What is the effect of cannabis use on the risk of developing schizophrenia?
Cannabis use increases the risk of developing schizophrenia
What is the main structural change observed in individuals with schizophrenia?
Architectural differences in the cortex and hippocampus
What is the role of the para cingulate sulcus in individuals with schizophrenia?
Reality monitoring
Which brain activity is a hallmark of maturation process?
Oscillations
What is the frequency of firing of play cells in the hippocampus?
About four times per second
Which brain region has the theta rhythm?
Hippocampus
Which brain activity is associated with the normal awake state?
Alpha rhythm
Where is the beta rhythm widespread?
Motor system
What is the preparation potential?
A brain activity associated with the beta rhythm
Test your knowledge on the neurobiology and treatment of schizophrenia. This quiz covers topics such as the role of genes and the environment in schizophrenia, neuropathology, neurodevelopmental model, neurophysiology, psychopharmacology, and cognitive impairments.
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